Long-Range Correlations and Memory in the Dynamics of Internet Interdomain Routing

Data transfer is one of the main functions of the Internet. The Internet consists of a large number of interconnected subnetworks or domains, known as Autonomous Systems (ASes). Due to privacy and other reasons the information about what route to use to reach devices within other ASes is not readily available to any given AS. The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is responsible for discovering and distributing this reachability information to all ASes. Since the topology of the Internet is highly dynamic, all ASes constantly exchange and update this reachability information in small chunks, known as routing control packets or BGP updates. In the view of the quick growth of the Internet there are significant concerns with the scalability of the BGP updates and the efficiency of the BGP routing in general. Motivated by these issues we conduct a systematic time series analysis of BGP update rates. We find that BGP update time series are extremely volatile, exhibit long-term correlations and memory effects, similar to seismic time series, or temperature and stock market price fluctuations. The presented statistical characterization of BGP update dynamics could serve as a basis for validation of existing and developing better models of Internet interdomain routing.

[1]  Olivier Bonaventure,et al.  Avoiding disruptions during maintenance operations on BGP sessions , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management.

[2]  S. Havlin,et al.  Indication of a Universal Persistence Law Governing Atmospheric Variability , 1998 .

[3]  C. Peng,et al.  Mosaic organization of DNA nucleotides. , 1994, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[4]  Matthew C. Caesar,et al.  Towards Localizing Root Causes of BGP Dynamics , 2003 .

[5]  It Informatics,et al.  Border Gateway Protocol , 2013 .

[6]  A Bunde,et al.  Power-law persistence and trends in the atmosphere: a detailed study of long temperature records. , 2003, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[7]  Mischa Schwartz,et al.  ACM SIGCOMM computer communication review , 2001, CCRV.

[8]  Jing Hu,et al.  Culturomics meets random fractal theory: insights into long-range correlations of social and natural phenomena over the past two centuries , 2012, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[9]  October I.  Physical Review Letters , 2022 .

[10]  Armin Bunde,et al.  The science of disasters : climate disruptions, heart attacks, and market crashes , 2002 .

[11]  Shlomo Havlin,et al.  Statistics of return intervals in long-term correlated records. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[12]  Marián Boguñá,et al.  Sustaining the Internet with Hyperbolic Mapping , 2010, Nature communications.

[13]  A. Barabasi,et al.  Fractal Concepts in Surface Growth: Frontmatter , 1995 .

[14]  D. Saad.  Europhysics Letters , 1997 .

[15]  Averill M. Law,et al.  Simulation Modeling and Analysis , 1982 .

[16]  R. Rosenfeld.  Nature , 2009, Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.

[17]  Anja Feldmann,et al.  Locating internet routing instabilities , 2004, SIGCOMM '04.

[18]  Ahmed Elmokashfi,et al.  BGP Churn Evolution: a Perspective from the Core , 2010, 2010 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[19]  Ahmed Elmokashfi,et al.  Revisiting BGP churn growth , 2013, CCRV.

[20]  Jan Beran,et al.  Statistics for long-memory processes , 1994 .

[21]  Kazuko Yamasaki,et al.  Scaling and memory in volatility return intervals in financial markets. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[22]  C. Peng,et al.  Long-range correlations in nucleotide sequences , 1992, Nature.

[23]  Jeffrey M. Hausdorff,et al.  Long-range anticorrelations and non-Gaussian behavior of the heartbeat. , 1993, Physical review letters.

[24]  J. Flynn John,et al.  ESM Appendix B: Tseng ZJ and Flynn JJ. An integrative method for testing form–function linkages and reconstructed evolutionary pathways of masticatory specialization. Journal of the Royal Society Interface , 2015 .

[25]  George Varghese,et al.  Network algorithmics , 2004 .

[26]  Abhijit Bose,et al.  Delayed Internet routing convergence , 2000, SIGCOMM.

[27]  Chuanyi Ji,et al.  Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Mining network data , 2005, SIGCOMM 2005.

[28]  E. Kandel,et al.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Annual subject and author indexes. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[29]  Daniel Massey,et al.  Identifying BGP routing table transfers , 2005, MineNet '05.

[30]  J. A. Stewart,et al.  Nonlinear Time Series Analysis , 2015 .

[31]  Lixia Zhang,et al.  Report from the IAB Workshop on Routing and Addressing , 2007, RFC.

[32]  H Eugene Stanley,et al.  Complex dynamics of our economic life on different scales: insights from search engine query data , 2010, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[33]  Dino Farinacci,et al.  The Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP) , 2009, RFC.

[34]  Michalis Faloutsos,et al.  Non-binary information propagation: Modeling BGP routing churn , 2011, 2011 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS).

[35]  Shlomo Havlin,et al.  Long-term memory in earthquakes and the distribution of interoccurrence times , 2008 .

[36]  G. Vojta,et al.  Fractal Concepts in Surface Growth , 1996 .

[37]  Mark E. J. Newman,et al.  Power-Law Distributions in Empirical Data , 2007, SIAM Rev..

[38]  Tony Bates,et al.  Guidelines for creation, selection, and registration of an Autonomous System (AS) , 1996, RFC.

[39]  D. Helbing,et al.  Quantifying the Behavior of Stock Correlations Under Market Stress , 2012, Scientific Reports.

[40]  Wolfgang Mühlbauer,et al.  Evolution of Internet Address Space Deaggregation: Myths and Reality , 2010, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[41]  Luca Benini,et al.  IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON , 2004 .

[42]  Daniel Massey,et al.  Observation and analysis of BGP behavior under stress , 2002, IMW '02.

[43]  Harry Eugene Stanley,et al.  Languages cool as they expand: Allometric scaling and the decreasing need for new words , 2012, Scientific Reports.