Distance protection zone 3 misoperation during system wide cascading events: The problem and a survey of solutions

Abstract Distance relay zone 3 misoperation has been responsible for major blackouts around the world. Zone 3 misoperation generally occurs under system wide cascading events such as the 2003 Northeastern US–Canada blackout or under stressed system conditions such as the 2015 Turkish blackout. This paper explains the problem of zone 3 distance protection misoperation. The paper then proceeds to survey the literature for possible solutions to increase distance relay security to prevent distance protection misoperation. Three categories of solutions were proposed in literature to address the problem of zone 3 distance protection misoperation. The first one is anticipation and prevention of misoperation in the planning stage. The second one is communication assisted protection schemes that use remote measurements to enhance relay security. The last one uses local data to enhance distance relay security.

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