Energy Efficient Angle based Route Selection in 3D Wireless Sensor Networks

Geographical routings are getting popularity because of its scalability and local decision-making capability. Usually, geographical routing protocols rely on greedy approach and suffer from the void node problem (VNP). This paper presents an energy-efficient angular three-dimensional routing protocol (EA3DR) for wireless sensor networks. The next hop is selected from a specific conical angle (3D angle) towards the destination node by considering residual energy. The conical angle selection depends on network density. EA3DR has a provision to tune the conical angle to recover from VNP. If the packet stucks with the concave void, then it recovers using backtracking and finds another suitable path. The proposed algorithm is implemented in the OMNET++ simulator with INET framework to verify that EA3DR achieves guaranteed packet reception while incurring high residual energy and minimizing traffic overhead.

[1]  Biswanath Mukherjee,et al.  Wireless sensor network survey , 2008, Comput. Networks.

[2]  Geyong Min,et al.  Energy-Aware Dual-Path Geographic Routing to Bypass Routing Holes in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[3]  Bing-Hong Liu,et al.  Virtual-coordinate-based delivery-guaranteed routing protocol in three-dimensional wireless sensor networks , 2015, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[4]  Husnu S. Narman,et al.  Characterizing Data Deliverability of Greedy Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[5]  Rama Shankar Yadav,et al.  A review on energy efficient protocols in wireless sensor networks , 2016, Wirel. Networks.

[6]  Rama Shankar Yadav,et al.  3D geographical routing protocols in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks: an overview , 2019, Wireless Networks.

[7]  Alaa Eddien Abdallah,et al.  Low overhead hybrid geographic-based routing algorithms with smart partial flooding for 3D ad hoc networks , 2018, J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput..

[8]  Geyong Min,et al.  Three-dimensional geographic routing in wireless mobile ad hoc and sensor networks , 2016, IEEE Network.

[9]  Mohsen Guizani,et al.  A Survey on Mobile Anchor Node Assisted Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2016, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[10]  Brad Karp,et al.  GPSR: greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks , 2000, MobiCom '00.

[11]  Robert Tappan Morris,et al.  Geographic Routing Without Planarization , 2006, NSDI.

[12]  Lili Qiu,et al.  S4: Small State and Small Stretch Routing Protocol for Large Wireless Sensor Networks , 2007, NSDI.

[13]  Mohammad S. Obaidat,et al.  Principles of Wireless Sensor Networks , 2014 .

[14]  Ivan Stojmenovic,et al.  Routing with Guaranteed Delivery in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks , 1999, DIALM '99.

[15]  Kemal E. Tepe,et al.  3D Real-Time Routing Protocol With Tunable Parameters for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2016, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[16]  Yu Chen,et al.  Practical 3D geographic routing for wireless sensor networks , 2010, SenSys '10.

[17]  Naveen Kumar Gupta,et al.  Void Handling in 3D Wireless Sensor Networks , 2018, 2018 15th IEEE India Council International Conference (INDICON).

[18]  Roger Wattenhofer,et al.  An algorithmic approach to geographic routing in ad hoc and sensor networks , 2008, TNET.

[19]  Chen Qian,et al.  Geographic Routing in $d$-Dimensional Spaces With Guaranteed Delivery and Low Stretch , 2011, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[20]  Harvinder. Singh.  Compass routing on geometric graphs. , 1999 .

[21]  Mukesh Singhal,et al.  Angular Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks , 2005, 25th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops.

[22]  Bo Li,et al.  OnionMap: A Scalable Geometric Addressing and Routing Scheme for 3D Sensor Networks , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.