Stomatal behaviour, photosynthesis and transpiration under rising CO2.

Definitions of the variables used and the units are given in Table 1 The literature reports enormous variation between species in the extent of stomatal responses to rising CO2. This paper attempts to provide a framework within which some of this diversity can be explained. We describe the role of stomata in the short-term response of leaf gas exchange to increases in ambient CO2 concentration by developing the recently proposed stomatal model of Jarvis & Davies (1998). In this model stomatal conductance is correlated with the functioning of the photosynthetic system so that the effects of increases in CO2 on stomata are experienced through changes in the rate of photosynthesis in a simple and mechanistically transparent way. This model also allows us to consider the effects of evaporative demand and soil moisture availability on stomatal responses to photosynthesis and therefore provides a means of considering these additional sources of variation. We emphasize that the relationship between the rate of photosynthesis and the internal CO2 concentration and also drought will have important effects on the relative gains to be achieved under rising CO2.

[1]  S. Assmann.  The cellular basis of guard cell sensing of rising CO2 , 1999 .

[2]  E. Zeiger,et al.  Role of zeaxanthin in blue light photoreception and the modulation of light-CO2 interactions in guard cells , 1998 .

[3]  J. Morison.  Stomatal response to increased CO2 concentration , 1998 .

[4]  H. Jones.  Stomatal control of photosynthesis and transpiration , 1998 .

[5]  A. Jarvis,et al.  The coupled response of stomatal conductance to photosynthesis and transpiration , 1998 .

[6]  B. Drake,et al.  MORE EFFICIENT PLANTS: A Consequence of Rising Atmospheric CO2? , 1997, Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology.

[7]  C. Field,et al.  CO2 effects on the water budget of grassland microcosm communities , 1997 .

[8]  A. Knapp,et al.  Water vapour fluxes and their impact under elevated CO2 in a C4‐tallgrass prairie , 1997 .

[9]  A. Jarvis,et al.  Whole‐plant ABA flux and the regulation of water loss in Cedrella odorata , 1997 .

[10]  E. Schulze,et al.  Effects of drought on nutrient and ABA transport in Ricinus communis , 1996 .

[11]  T. Brodribb.  Dynamics of Changing Intercellular CO2 Concentration (ci) during Drought and Determination of Minimum Functional ci , 1996, Plant physiology.

[12]  A. Webb,et al.  Carbon dioxide induces increases in guard cell cytosolic free calcium , 1996 .

[13]  F. Woodward,et al.  The influence of CO2 concentration on stomatal density , 1995 .

[14]  Jay M. Ham,et al.  Fluxes of CO2 and water vapor from a prairie ecosystem exposed to ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 , 1995 .

[15]  Christopher B. Field,et al.  Stomatal responses to increased CO2: implications from the plant to the global scale , 1995 .

[16]  John L. Monteith,et al.  Accommodation between transpiring vegetation and the convective boundary layer , 1995 .

[17]  John L. Monteith,et al.  A reinterpretation of stomatal responses to humidity , 1995 .

[18]  B. D. Campbell,et al.  Variation in grassland populations and species and the implications for community responses to elevated Co2 , 1995 .

[19]  S. Idso,et al.  Plant responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment in the face of environmental constraints: a review of the past 10 years' research , 1994 .

[20]  Alan K. Knapp,et al.  Photosynthetic and Water Relations Responses to Elevated CO2 in the C4 Grass Andropogon gerardii , 1993, International Journal of Plant Sciences.

[21]  S. Azam-Ali,et al.  The Effects of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Water Stress on Ligth Interception, Dry Matter Production and Yield in Stands of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L. , 1993 .

[22]  Pedro J. Aphalo,et al.  An Analysis of Ball's Empirical Model of Stomatal Conductance , 1993 .

[23]  Derek Eamus,et al.  The interaction of rising CO2 and temperatures with water use efficiency , 1991 .

[24]  S. Wong,et al.  Leaf Conductance in Relation to Rate of CO(2) Assimilation: I. Influence of Nitrogen Nutrition, Phosphorus Nutrition, Photon Flux Density, and Ambient Partial Pressure of CO(2) during Ontogeny. , 1985, Plant physiology.

[25]  R M Gifford,et al.  Stomatal sensitivity to carbon dioxide and humidity: a comparison of two c(3) and two c(4) grass species. , 1983, Plant physiology.

[26]  T. Mansfield,et al.  Control of the Co2 Responses of Stomata by Indol-3ylacetic Acid and Abscisic Acid , 1982 .

[27]  T. Sharkey,et al.  Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis , 1982 .

[28]  T. Sharkey,et al.  Effect of Light Quality on Stomatal Opening in Leaves of Xanthium strumarium L. , 1981, Plant physiology.

[29]  I. R. Cowan,et al.  Stomatal conductance correlates with photosynthetic capacity , 1979, Nature.

[30]  I. R. Cowan,et al.  Leaf Conductance in Relation to Assimilation in Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng: Influence of Irradiance and Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide. , 1978, Plant physiology.

[31]  P. Jarman.  The Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapour through Stomata , 1974 .

[32]  O. Heath,et al.  STUDIES IN STOMATAL BEHAVIOUR , 1952 .

[33]  J. Heath,et al.  Effects of elevated CO2 on leaf gas exchange in beech and oak at two levels of nutrient supply: Consequences for sensitivity to drought in beech , 1997 .

[34]  J. Šantrůček,et al.  Acclimation of Stomatal Conductance to a CO2-Enriched Atmosphere and Elevated Temperature in Chenopodium album , 1996 .

[35]  Hehui Zhang,et al.  Dependency of cI/ca and Leaf Transpiration Efficiency on the Vapour Pressure Deficit , 1996 .

[36]  D. Eamus.  Tree responses to CO(2) enrichment: CO(2) and temperature interactions, biomass allocation and stand-scale modeling. , 1996, Tree physiology.

[37]  S. Assmann,et al.  Signal transduction in guard cells. , 1993, Annual review of cell biology.

[38]  K. Mott,et al.  Do Stomata Respond to CO(2) Concentrations Other than Intercellular? , 1988, Plant physiology.

[39]  I. E. Woodrow,et al.  A Model Predicting Stomatal Conductance and its Contribution to the Control of Photosynthesis under Different Environmental Conditions , 1987 .

[40]  Graham D. Farquhar,et al.  An Empirical Model of Stomatal Conductance , 1984 .

[41]  A. E. Hall,et al.  Stomatal Responses, Water Loss and CO2 Assimilation Rates of Plants in Contrasting Environments , 1982 .

[42]  G. Farquhar.  Feedforward Responses of Stomata to Humidity , 1978 .

[43]  I. R. Cowan,et al.  Stomatal function in relation to leaf metabolism and environment. , 1977, Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology.

[44]  O. Heath.  An investigation of the light response of wheat stomata with the attempted elimination of control by the mesophyll. II. Interactions with carbon dioxide. , 1954 .