Phase-locked modulations of optically injected laser diodes

Recent experiments using lasers subject to strong external injection [Simpson, Opt. Commun. 170, 93 (1999)] have demonstrated that adding a small reference current modulation to the dc-bias current can easily lock the oscillation frequency of the laser to the reference frequency. Tunable, locked outputs from 9.5 to 13.1 GHz have been obtained. We explain why synchronization is readily achieved at high injection rates. We describe the locking phenomenon in detail and derive useful analytical expressions for the frequencies and locking range in terms of the laser parameters.