The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure

and treatable mental disorders presenting in general medical as well as specialty settings. There are a number of case-finding instruments for detecting depression in primary care, ranging from 2 to 28 items.1,2 Typically these can be scored as continuous measures of depression severity and also have established cutpoints above which the probability of major depression is substantially increased. Scores on these various measures tend to be highly correlated3, with little evidence that one measure is superior to any other.1,2,4

[1]  A. Beck,et al.  An inventory for measuring depression. , 1961, Archives of general psychiatry.

[2]  M. Åsberg,et al.  A New Depression Scale Designed to be Sensitive to Change , 1979, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[3]  M. Lambert,et al.  Zung, Beck, and Hamilton Rating Scales as measures of treatment outcome: a meta-analytic comparison. , 1986, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[4]  J. Davidson,et al.  The Montgomery‐Åsberg Depression Scale: reliability and validity , 1986, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[5]  Lewis E. Kazis,et al.  Effect Sizes for Interpreting Changes in Health Status , 1989, Medical care.

[6]  M. Weinstein,et al.  Performance of a Five-Item Mental Health Screening Test , 1991, Medical care.

[7]  D. Revicki,et al.  Telephone assessment of depression severity. , 1993, Journal of psychiatric research.

[8]  K Kroenke,et al.  Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study. , 1994, JAMA.

[9]  W. Katon,et al.  Collaborative management to achieve treatment guidelines. Impact on depression in primary care. , 1995, JAMA.

[10]  C. Mulrow,et al.  Case-Finding Instruments for Depression in Primary Care Settings , 1995, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[11]  W. Katon,et al.  A multifaceted intervention to improve treatment of depression in primary care. , 1996, Archives of general psychiatry.

[12]  M. Frank-Stromborg,et al.  Instruments for clinical health-care research , 1997 .

[13]  K. Kroenke.  Discovering Depression in Medical Patients: Reasonable Expectations , 1997, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[14]  M. Klinkman,et al.  Competing demands in psychosocial care. A model for the identification and treatment of depressive disorders in primary care. , 1997, General hospital psychiatry.

[15]  W. Browner,et al.  Case-finding instruments for depression. Two questions are as good as many. , 1997, Journal of general internal medicine.

[16]  J H Greist,et al.  A computer-administered telephone interview to identify mental disorders. , 1997, JAMA.

[17]  J. Williams,et al.  Competing demands: Does care for depression fit in primary care? , 1998, Journal of general internal medicine.

[18]  G. Simon.  Can depression be managed appropriately in primary care? , 1998, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[19]  J. Williams.  Competing demands , 1998 .

[20]  M. Thase,et al.  Maintenance phase efficacy of sertraline for chronic depression: a randomized controlled trial. , 1998, JAMA.

[21]  R. Spitzer,et al.  Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire. , 1999, JAMA.

[22]  W. Katon,et al.  Treatment of dysthymia and minor depression in primary care: A randomized controlled trial in older adults. , 2000, JAMA.

[23]  W A Hargreaves,et al.  Efficacy of nurse telehealth care and peer support in augmenting treatment of depression in primary care. , 2000, Archives of family medicine.

[24]  A. Dietrich,et al.  Interventions to improve provider diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders in primary care. A critical review of the literature. , 2000, Psychosomatics.

[25]  R. Spitzer,et al.  Validity and utility of the PRIME-MD patient health questionnaire in assessment of 3000 obstetric-gynecologic patients: the PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire Obstetrics-Gynecology Study. , 2000, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[26]  R. Spitzer,et al.  The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. , 2001, Journal of general internal medicine.

[27]  M. Hegel,et al.  Improving Primary Care for Depression in Late Life: The Design of a Multicenter Randomized Trial , 2001, Medical care.

[28]  P. Noël,et al.  Is this patient clinically depressed? , 2002, JAMA.

[29]  J. Pearson,et al.  Contact with mental health and primary care providers before suicide: a review of the evidence. , 2002, The American journal of psychiatry.

[30]  Alfred O. Berg,et al.  Screening for Depression: Recommendations and Rationale , 2002, Annals of Internal Medicine.