Financial Sector Reform in India: Time for a Second Wave?

The Indian financial system has changed considerably since the 1990s. Interest rates have been deregulated and new entrants allowed in the banking and the securities business. The Indian equity market has become world-class. New private banks have emerged that are more customer-oriented than the older state-owned banks. Meanwhile, the scale of saving within the economy has expanded considerably, much as in East Asian economies during their high-growth period. This adds to the need for further financial-sector reform. In particular, banks need much greater freedom in asset allocation. While public-sector banks did appear sounder to the public during the 2007/08 crisis due to implicit government backing, they ought to be privatised to improve their governance and minimise the recurrent need for recapitalisation. The remaining obstacles to new entry have to be reduced. Financial inclusion is an important priority and restrictions on microfinance should be avoided. The regulatory and legal framework also needs to be overhauled, consolidating the diverse legislation. While such reforms would improve financial sector efficiency they would also likely have positive spillover effects on the rest of the economy and help sustain rapid growth. This Working Paper relates to the 2011 OECD Economic Survey of India (www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/india) Le systeme financier indien : l'heure d'une deuxieme vague de reformes a-t-elle sonne ? Le systeme financier indien a considerablement change depuis les annees 90. Les taux d'interet ont ete dereglementes et de nouveaux acteurs ont ete autorises dans le secteur bancaire et celui des operations de marche et de titres. Le marche d'actions indien est de classe internationale. De nouvelles banques privees sont apparues, plus axees sur la satisfaction du client que les banques publiques plus anciennes. Par ailleurs, l'epargne interieure a connu une expansion considerable, tres similaire a celle qu'avaient connue les economies d'Asie de l'Est pendant leur periode de forte croissance. Cela renforce la necessite de nouvelles reformes du secteur financier. Les banques doivent notamment disposer d'une latitude nettement plus grande en matiere de repartition de leurs actifs. Si les banques du secteur public ont paru plus solides au public lors de la crise de 2007/08, en raison de la garantie implicite de l'Etat dont elles beneficiaient, il convient de les privatiser afin d'ameliorer leur gouvernance et de minimiser la necessite recurrente de les recapitaliser. Les obstacles a l'entree de nouveaux acteurs qui subsistent doivent etre reduits. L'inclusion financiere revet une importance prioritaire et les restrictions relatives a la microfinance devraient etre evitees. Il est egalement necessaire de remettre a plat le cadre legislatif et reglementaire, en consolidant les differentes dispositions juridiques en vigueur. De telles reformes permettraient des gains d'efficience dans le secteur financier et auraient sans doute des effets d'entrainement positifs sur le reste de l'economie, contribuant ainsi a entretenir une croissance rapide.

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