Body size over-estimation in women with anorexia nervosa is not qualitatively different from female controls.

Over-estimation of body size is a cardinal feature of anorexia nervosa (AN), usually revealed by comparing individuals who have AN with non-AN individuals, the inference being that over-estimation is pathological. We show that the same result can be reproduced by sampling selectively from a single distribution of performance in body size judgement by comparing low BMI individuals with normal BMI individuals. Over-estimation of body size in AN is not necessarily pathological and can be predicted by normal psychophysical biases in magnitude estimation. We confirm this prediction in a dataset from a morphing study in which 30 women with AN and 137 control women altered a photograph of themselves to estimate their actual body size. We further investigated the relative contributions of sensory and attitudinal factors to body-size overestimation in a sample of 166 women. Our results suggest that both factors play a role, but their relative importance is task dependent.

[1]  R. Gardner,et al.  Subjective Equality and Just Noticeable Differences in Body-Size Judgments by Obese Persons , 1989, Perceptual and motor skills.

[2]  R. Gardner,et al.  A computer program for measuring body size distortion and body dissatisfaction , 2004, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[3]  C. Fairburn,et al.  Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a "transdiagnostic" theory and treatment. , 2003, Behaviour research and therapy.

[4]  J. Thompson,et al.  The adjustable light beam method for the assessment of size estimation accuracy: Description, psychometric, and normative data , 1988 .

[5]  D. Garner,et al.  The Eating Attitudes Test: an index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa , 1979, Psychological Medicine.

[6]  C D Thomas,et al.  A modified video camera for measuring body image distortion: technical description and reliability. , 1984, Psychological medicine.

[7]  Tatjana van Strien,et al.  The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior , 1986 .

[8]  P. Slade,et al.  Awareness of body dimensions in anorexia nervosa: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies , 1973, Psychological Medicine.

[9]  R. Bradford,et al.  The Eating Disorder Belief Questionnaire: In-Patient Adolescent Scores , 2001 .

[10]  G. Rhodes,et al.  Perceptual adaptation affects attractiveness of female bodies. , 2005, British Journal of Psychology.

[11]  A. R. Frisancho Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry , 1996, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[12]  J. Emery,et al.  The estimation of body mass index and physical attractiveness is dependent on the observer's own body mass index , 2000, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[13]  A. Bardone-Cone,et al.  Examining a psychosocial interactive model of binge eating and vomiting in women with bulimia nervosa and subthreshold bulimia nervosa. , 2008, Behaviour research and therapy.

[14]  A. Beck,et al.  An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. , 1988, Journal of consulting and clinical psychology.

[15]  D. P. Andrews,et al.  APE: Adaptive probit estimation of psychometric functions , 1981 .

[16]  L. Ricciardelli,et al.  Accuracy of body size estimation: Role of biopsychosocial variables. , 2006, Body image.

[17]  P Allebeck,et al.  Body image--an apparatus for measuring disturbances in estimation of size and shape. , 1976, Journal of psychosomatic research.

[18]  Q. Vuong,et al.  Categorical perception of human female physical attractiveness and health , 2012 .

[19]  P. Hancock,et al.  Differences in eye-movement patterns between anorexic and control observers when judging body size and attractiveness. , 2011, British journal of psychology.

[20]  Relationship of body-image distortion to sex-role identifications, irrational cognitions, and body weight in eating-disordered females. , 1989, Journal of clinical psychology.

[21]  S. Link,et al.  Bias in Quantifying Judgments , 1989 .

[22]  M. Tovée,et al.  The eating disorder belief questionnaire: preliminary development. , 1997, Behaviour research and therapy.

[23]  C. Birmingham,et al.  The mortality rate from anorexia nervosa. , 2005, The International journal of eating disorders.

[24]  C. Fairburn,et al.  Assessment of eating disorders: interview or self-report questionnaire? , 1994, The International journal of eating disorders.

[25]  J. K. Collins,et al.  Variability in body shape perception in anorexic, bulimic, obese, and control subjects , 1987 .

[26]  R. Gardner,et al.  Body image distortion in anorexics as a non-sensory phenomenon: a signal detection approach. , 1988, Journal of clinical psychology.

[27]  P. Hancock,et al.  Patterns of eye movements when male and female observers judge female attractiveness, body fat and waist-to-hip ratio , 2009 .

[28]  Philip J. Benson,et al.  A computer-graphic technique for the study of body size perception and body types , 1999, Behavior research methods, instruments, & computers : a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.

[29]  M. Rosenberg Society and the adolescent self-image , 1966 .

[30]  M. Tovée,et al.  Visual cues to female physical attractiveness , 1999, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[31]  R. Gardner,et al.  The role of sensory and nonsensory factors in body size estimations of eating disorder subjects. , 1996, Journal of clinical psychology.

[32]  P. Benson,et al.  Measurement of body size and shape perception in eating-disordered and control observers using body-shape software. , 2003, British journal of psychology.

[33]  T. F. Cash,et al.  The nature and extent of body-image disturbances in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: a meta-analysis. , 1997, The International journal of eating disorders.

[34]  R. Cattell The Scree Test For The Number Of Factors. , 1966, Multivariate behavioral research.

[35]  M. Taylor,et al.  The development and validation of the body shape questionnaire , 1987 .

[36]  Xochitl López-Aguilar,et al.  Imagen Corporal y Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria , 2009 .

[37]  J. Rosen,et al.  Body Shape Questionnaire: studies of validity and reliability. , 1996, The International journal of eating disorders.

[38]  D. Williamson,et al.  Equivalence of body image disturbances in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. , 1993, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[39]  Piers L. Cornelissen,et al.  Color 3D bodies and judgements of human female attractiveness , 2007 .

[40]  K. Dobson,et al.  Cognitive therapy of depression: pretreatment patient predictors of outcome. , 2002, Clinical psychology review.

[41]  H. Kaiser An index of factorial simplicity , 1974 .

[42]  L. Ekselius,et al.  Excess mortality, causes of death and prognostic factors in anorexia nervosa , 2009, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[43]  J. Swets,et al.  A decision-making theory of visual detection. , 1954, Psychological review.

[44]  T. J. Breen,et al.  Biostatistical Analysis (2nd ed.). , 1986 .

[45]  Padraig L. Darby,et al.  Anorexia nervosa, recent developments in research , 1983 .

[46]  K. Lohr,et al.  Outcomes of eating disorders: a systematic review of the literature. , 2007, The International journal of eating disorders.

[47]  B. Rodgers,et al.  Validity of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) in screening for eating disorders in community samples. , 2004, Behaviour research and therapy.