Behavioral and Genetic Adaptation of Laying Hens to High-Density Environments

High-density, barren-cage environments are provided for most hens kept for egg production. Beak trimming, toenail removal, decreasing group size, increasing space per hen, and certain alterations in cage design increase well-being and productivity of individual hens. Preliminary evidence indicates that selection may significantly improve adaptation via changes in behavioral characteristics. (Accepted for publication 18 June 1981)

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