DNA-to-protein crosslinks and backbone breaks caused by far- and near-ultraviolet, and visible light radiations in mammalian cells.

The cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of germicidal far-UV* radiation has been known for decades. This radiation is not a major component of the solar radiations that reach the surface of the earth, unlike the abundant near-UV and visible radiations present in the solar spectrum. Although it has been recognized for decades that the mixture of mid-UV, near-UV, and visible radiation (wavelengths longer than 290 nm) that comprise sunlight is cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic,1 surprisingly little attention has been paid to the specific DNA damages that may be caused in cells by these particular wavelengths of nonionizing radiation—even though these radiations are environmentally abundant, penetrate deeply through skin, and are increasingly used for cosmetic purposes (natural and artificial solar exposure of human skin).

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