Recommended Practices of Modulating Current in High Brightness LEDs for Mitigating Health Risks to Viewers

This document includes a definition of the concept of modulation frequencies for lightemitting diodes (LEDs), a discussion on their applications to LED lighting, a description of LED lighting applications in which modulation frequencies pose possible health risks to users, a discussion of the dimming of LEDs by modulating the frequency of driving currents/voltage, and recommendations for modulation frequencies (flicker) for LED lighting and dimming applications to help protect against known potential adverse health effects.

[1]  R. G. Hopkinson,et al.  The ergonomics of lighting , 1970 .

[2]  A Wilkins,et al.  Intermittent Illumination from Visual Display Units and Fluorescent Lighting Affects Movements of the Eyes Across Text , 1986, Human factors.

[3]  H. D. L. Dzn.  Research into the Dynamic Nature of the Human Fovea→Cortex Systems with Intermittent and Modulated Light. II. Phase Shift in Brightness and Delay in Color Perception , 1958 .

[4]  W. Hershberger.  Saccadic eye movements and the perception of visual direction , 1987, Perception & psychophysics.

[5]  D. H. Kelly.  Visual response to time-dependent stimuli. I. Amplitude sensitivity measurements. , 1961, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[6]  T. S. Key,et al.  Voltage and lamp flicker issues: should the IEEE adopt the IEC approach? , 2003 .

[7]  I L Bailey,et al.  Human electroretinogram responses to video displays, fluorescent lighting, and other high frequency sources. , 1991, Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry.

[8]  E. Fombonne.  Epidemiological Surveys of Autism and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders: An Update , 2003, Journal of autism and developmental disorders.

[9]  V. Karlov,et al.  Photosensitive Epilepsy , 1976, Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova.

[10]  H. D. L. Dzn.  Eye’s Response at Flicker Fusion to Square-Wave Modulation of a Test Field Surrounded by a Large Steady Field of Equal Mean Luminance , 1961 .

[11]  J. Oxford,et al.  Oxford , 1968, Leaving The Arena.

[12]  Preston Lerner,et al.  Single stage to...where , 1994 .

[13]  Kamila Shamsie,et al.  Winter , 2000, Blooming Flowers.

[14]  John Cullen,et al.  The lighting handbook , 1986 .

[15]  아나톨리 슈테인버그,et al.  Apparatus, method and system for providing ac line power to lighting devices , 2010 .

[16]  Arnold J. Wilkins,et al.  Fluorescent lighting, headaches and eyestrain , 1989 .

[17]  Mark Georgeson,et al.  Visual stimuli. , 1989, Dental lab management today.

[18]  P. Bittencourt,et al.  Photosensitivity: the magnitude of the problem. , 2004 .

[19]  I. Cuthill,et al.  The influence of flicker rate on plasma corticosterone levels of European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris. , 2001, General and comparative endocrinology.

[20]  Garth D. Stahl.  Campbell. , 2021, Tic.

[21]  Aaas News,et al.  Book Reviews , 1893, Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal.

[22]  Clayton H. Sharp.  New types of incandescent lamps , 1906, Proceedings of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.

[23]  R. Küller,et al.  The impact of flicker from fluorescent lighting on well-being, performance and physiological arousal. , 1998, Ergonomics.