C) Means to enhance penetration

Abstract This review examines reported methods for the enhancement of the oral absorption of polar drugs, including polar peptides and proteins. The microstructure of the intestinal brush border is described, and the interactions of various absorption enhancers with this microstructure are examined. For each absorption enhancer class, this review examines the physical properties of the enhancer, its interactions with model membranes, its absorption enhancing effects, and its potential toxicity. The enhancers reviewed are the bile salts, anionic detergents, non-ionic detergents, medium chain glycerides, salicylates, acyl amino acids, acylcarnitines, lysolecithin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and particulate carriers.

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