Open Networks, Closed Regimes

for Open Networks, Closed Regimes " Many hope that information technology will generate new opportunities for global communications, breaking down national barriers even in dictatorial regimes with minimal freedom of the press. Kalathil and Boas provide a path-breaking and thoughtful analysis of this issue. A fascinating study, this should be widely read by all concerned with understanding and promoting democratization, regime change, and new information technology. " " Through a country-by-country analysis, Kalathil and Boas shed light on practices formerly known only by anecdote, and their findings chip away at the apocryphal notion that going digital necessarily means going democratic. Their work answers a number of important questions, and frames a worthy challenge to those who wish to deploy technology for the cause of political openness. " The Carnegie Endowment normally does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views and recommendations presented in this publication do not necessarily represent the views of the Carnegie Endowment, its officers, staff, or trustees.

[1]  S. Ismail Confronting the Other: Identity, Culture, Politics, and Conservative Islamism in Egypt , 1998, International Journal of Middle East Studies.

[2]  J. Barlow A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace , 2021, Commonplace.

[3]  John Arquilla,et al.  Swarming and the Future of Conflict , 2000 .

[4]  Stephen Coleman,et al.  Can the new media invigorate democracy , 1999 .

[5]  F. Brown Vietnam's Tentative Transformation , 1996 .

[6]  Francesca Polletta,et al.  Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics , 1998 .

[7]  Craig Warkentin,et al.  Reshaping World Politics: Ngos, the Internet, and Global Civil Society , 2001 .

[8]  C. Roa BUILDING INSTITUTIONS FOR MARKETS , 2002 .

[9]  S. Kobrin Back to the Future: Neomedievalism and the Postmodern Digital World Economy , 1998 .

[10]  J. M. Maravall The Myth of the Authoritarian Advantage , 2008 .

[11]  J. Alterman Egypt: Stable, but for how long? , 2000 .

[12]  P. Schmitter The Influence of the International Context Upon the Choice of National Institutions and Policies in Neo‐Democracies , 2001 .

[13]  Catharin E. Dalpino Deferring Democracy: Promoting Openness in Authoritarian Regimes , 2000 .

[14]  Rebecca R. Moore China’s Fledgling Civil Society A Force for Democratization? , 2001 .

[15]  Yuezhi Zhao,et al.  Caught in the Web: the public interest and the battle for control of China’s information superhighway , 2000 .

[16]  Fareed Zakaria,et al.  The Rise of Illiberal Democracy , 1997 .

[17]  Thomas L. Friedman,et al.  The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization , 1999 .

[18]  D. Eickelman,et al.  New Media in the Muslim World: The Emerging Public Sphere , 1999 .

[19]  Yochai Benkler,et al.  Free As the Air to Common Use: First Amendment Constraints on Enclosure of the Public Domain , 1999 .

[20]  P. Moody Political opposition in post-Confucian society , 1988 .

[21]  S. Tefft Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide , 2002 .

[22]  Counting Nodes and Counting Noses: Understanding New Media in the Middle East , 2000 .

[23]  M. Giuliano El caso CEA : intelectuales e inquisidores en Cuba : Perestroika en la isla? , 1998 .

[24]  Asia and the international press: the political significance of expanding markets , 1998 .

[25]  D. Graham,et al.  Saudi Arabia: The Coming Storm , 1994 .

[26]  Richard R. Cole Building the Fourth Estate: Democratization and the Rise of a Free Press in Mexico , 2002 .

[27]  S. Lipset Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics , 1960 .

[28]  Francis T. Seow The Media Enthralled: Singapore Revisited , 1998 .

[29]  Robert D. Putnam,et al.  Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community , 2000, CSCW '00.

[30]  Frank O. Mora,et al.  Civil society and democratisation in comparative perspective: Latin America and the Middle East , 1998 .

[31]  David Sheff China Dawn: The Story of a Technology and Business Revolution , 2002 .

[32]  F. Gregory Iii Gause The gulf conundrum: Economic change, population growth, and political stability in the GCC states , 1997 .

[33]  Eric M. Uslaner,et al.  Social capital and the net , 2000, CACM.

[34]  José Martí,et al.  Cuba , 1985, The Lancet.

[35]  S. Huntington The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century , 1991 .

[36]  David Martin Jones,et al.  Towards Illiberal Democracy in Pacific Asia , 1995 .

[37]  Bruce Bimber,et al.  The Internet and Political Transformation: Populism, Community, and Accelerated Pluralism , 1998, Polity.

[38]  R. Cook International Bank for Reconstruction and Development , 1951, International Organization.

[39]  Stephen S. Cohen,et al.  Access and innovation policy for the third-generation internet , 2000 .

[40]  Stuart Glogoff Virtual Connections: Community Bonding on the Net , 2001, First Monday.

[41]  S. Goodman,et al.  The diffusion of the internet in china , 2001 .

[42]  Mamoun Fandy,et al.  CyberResistance: Saudi Opposition Between Globalization and Localization , 1999, Comparative Studies in Society and History.

[43]  Ann C. Séror,et al.  Telecommunications technology transfer and the development of institutional infrastructure: the case of Cuba , 2000 .

[44]  The Middle East's Information Revolution , 2000 .

[45]  Nina Hachigian,et al.  The internet and power in one‐party East Asian states , 2002 .

[46]  Paul S. Rowe Four Guys and a Fax Machine? Diasporas, New Information Technologies, and the Internationalization of Religion in Egypt , 2001 .

[47]  T. Moustafa CONFLICT AND COOPERATION BETWEEN THE STATE AND RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS IN CONTEMPORARY EGYPT , 2000, International Journal of Middle East Studies.

[48]  W. B. Wriston The twilight of sovereignty : how the information revolution is transforming our world , 1992 .

[49]  M. Franda Launching into Cyberspace: Internet Development and Politics in Five World Regions , 2001 .

[50]  Mamoun Fandy,et al.  Information technology, trust, and social change in the Arab world , 2000 .

[51]  Lawrence Lessig,et al.  The future of ideas - the fate of the commons in a connected world , 2002 .

[52]  A. Norton Civil society in the Middle East , 1995 .

[53]  K. Lyytinen,et al.  Transformation of China's Telecommunications Sector: A Macro Perspective , 2000 .

[54]  Ann Florini,et al.  The Third Force: The Rise of Transnational Civil Society , 2001 .

[55]  G. Bunt Virtually Islamic: Computer-Mediated Communication and Cyber Islamic Environments , 2000 .

[56]  Wayne Rash,et al.  Politics on the nets: wiring the political process , 1997 .

[57]  Anita L. Blanchard,et al.  Virtual Communities and Social Capital , 1998 .

[58]  Michael S. Chase,et al.  You've Got Dissent!: Chinese Dissident Use of the Internet and Beijing's Counter-Strategies , 2002 .

[59]  Thomas E. Skidmore,et al.  Television, politics, and the transition to democracy in Latin America , 1995 .

[60]  D. Sullivan,et al.  Islam in Contemporary Egypt: Civil Society Vs. the State , 1999 .

[61]  Shanthi Kalathil,et al.  The Internet and State Control in Authoritarian Regimes: China, Cuba, and the Counterrevolution , 2001, First Monday.

[62]  Vivienne Shue The Reach of the State: Sketches of the Chinese Body Politic , 1988 .

[63]  J. Cotton East Asian Democracy: Progress and Limits , 1997 .

[64]  Vickie Langohr The Internet in the Mideast and North Africa: Free Expression and Censorship (Human Rights Watch). 96 pages, appendices. New York, NY: Human Rights Watch, 1999. $10.00 (Paper) ISBN 1-56432-235-1 , 2001, Middle East Studies Association Bulletin.

[65]  William J. Drake,et al.  The New Information Infrastructure: Strategies for U.S. Policy , 1995 .

[66]  Warren P. Strobel,et al.  The Internet's Impact on Activism: The Case of Burma , 1999 .

[67]  Eric Harwit,et al.  SHAPING THE INTERNET IN CHINA. Evolution of Political Control over Network Infrastructure and Content , 2001 .

[68]  Chin-Chuan Lee Voices of China : the interplay of politics and journalism , 1990 .

[69]  Janine A. Clark Private Voluntary Organizations in Egypt: Islamic Development, Private Initiative, and State Control , 1997 .

[70]  Lawrence Lessig,et al.  Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace , 1999 .

[71]  Shanthi Kalathil Between the Lines: China's Dot-Communism , 2001 .

[72]  A. Khalifa The United Arab Emirates: Unity In Fragmentation , 1979 .

[73]  L. Goodson,et al.  Democratization in Egypt in the 1990s: Stagnant, or Merely Stalled? , 1997 .

[74]  Peter Ferdinand,et al.  The Internet, democracy and democratization , 2000 .

[75]  N. Nie,et al.  Internet and society: a preliminary report , 2001 .

[76]  Taylor C. Boas The dictator's dilemma? The internet and U.S. policy toward Cuba , 2000 .

[77]  Douglas R. Vogel,et al.  Information Technology for Local Administration Support: The Governorates Project in Egypt , 1996, MIS Q..

[78]  Milton L. Mueller,et al.  The WTO and China's ban on foreign investment in telecommunication services: a game-theoretic analysis , 2000 .

[79]  K. A. Hill,et al.  Is the internet an instrument of global democratization , 1999 .

[80]  Fernanda Fuentes,et al.  Digital Democracy. Discourse and decision making in the information age , 2001 .

[81]  Vicky Randall The media and democratisation in the Third World , 1993 .

[82]  Javier Corrales,et al.  Democracy and the Internet: Allies or Adversaries? , 2002 .

[83]  James B. Speta Handicapping the Race for the Last Mile?: A Critique of Open Access Rules for Broadband Platforms , 2000 .

[84]  Virginia Haufler A Public Role for the Private Sector: Industry Self-Regulation in a Global Economy , 2001 .

[85]  Xiudian Dai,et al.  Chinese politics of the internet: Control and anti‐control , 2000 .

[86]  G. White,et al.  In Search of Civil Society: Market Reform and Social Change in Contemporary China , 1996, The Journal of Asian Studies.

[87]  Gordon White,et al.  Riding the Tiger: The Politics of Economic Reform in Post-Mao China , 1993, The Journal of Asian Studies.

[88]  E. Friedman The Politics Of Democratization: Generalizing East Asian Experiences , 1994 .

[89]  Robert Gellman,et al.  None of Your Business: World Data Flows, Electronic Commerce, and the European Privacy Directive , 1999 .

[90]  Mai Yamani,et al.  Changed Identities: The Challenge of the New Generation in Saudi Arabia , 2000 .

[91]  Daniel C. Lynch After the Propaganda State: Media, Politics, and ‘Thought Work’ in Reformed China , 1999 .

[92]  Andrew J. Pierre Vietnam's Contradictions , 2000 .

[93]  Mark A. Lemley,et al.  The End of End-to-End: Preserving the Architecture of the Internet in the Broadband Era , 2000 .

[94]  Paul Rich,et al.  American Voluntarism, Social Capital, and Political Culture , 1999 .

[95]  Owen H. Kirby Want Democracy? Get a King , 2000 .

[96]  Nina Hachigian,et al.  China's Cyber-Strategy , 2001 .

[97]  Leonard R. Sussman Censor dot gov: the Internet and press freedom 2000 , 2000 .

[98]  Kathleen Hartford Cyberspace with Chinese Characteristics , 2000 .

[99]  Walter R. Roberts,et al.  The Global Information Revolution and the Communist World , 1986 .

[100]  Sue E. Eckert,et al.  Global Electronic Commerce: A Policy Primer , 2000 .

[101]  Thomas Carothers Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve , 1999 .

[102]  Geoffry L. Taubman A Not-So World Wide Web: The Internet, China, and the Challenges to Nondemocratic Rule , 1998 .

[103]  R. Cullen,et al.  Seeking theory from experience: Media regulation in China∗ , 1998 .

[104]  M. Kassem In the Guise of Democracy: Governance in Contemporary Egypt , 1999 .

[105]  Christopher R. Hughes,et al.  Nationalism in Chinese cyberspace , 2000 .

[106]  Eberhard Kienle MORE THAN A RESPONSE TO ISLAMISM: THE POLITICAL DELIBERALIZATION OF EGYPT IN THE 1990s , 1998 .

[107]  L. White,et al.  Elite Transformation and Modern Change in Mainland China and Taiwan: Empirical Data and the Theory of Technocracy , 1990, The China Quarterly.

[108]  Toby E. Huff Globalization and the Internet : Comparing the Middle eastern and Malaysian experiences , 2001 .

[109]  Deborah L. Wheeler Global Culture or Culture Clash , 1998 .

[110]  Francis Fukuyama,et al.  Confucianism and Democracy , 1995 .

[111]  Andrew Selth Burma's intelligence apparatus , 1998 .

[112]  Joshua Teitelbaum,et al.  Dueling for Da'wa: State vs. Society on the Saudi Internet , 2002 .

[113]  G. Rodan,et al.  The Internet and Political Control in Singapore , 1998 .

[114]  W. B. Wriston Bits, Bytes, and Diplomacy , 1997 .

[115]  Mamoun Fandy,et al.  Saudi Arabia and the politics of dissent , 1999 .

[116]  F. Gregory Iii Gause,et al.  Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States. , 1994 .

[117]  Mark A Stokes,et al.  China's Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United States , 1999 .

[118]  Lucian W. Pye,et al.  Asian Power and Politics: The Cultural Dimensions of Authority. , 1985 .

[119]  Cheng Li China's Leaders: The New Generation , 2001 .

[120]  GoodmanS.,et al.  The global diffusion of the Internet , 1994 .

[121]  J. Kéchichian Saudi Arabia's Will to Power , 2000 .

[122]  Daniel Lerner,et al.  The passing of traditional society: modernizing the Middle East , 1958 .

[123]  Gwenn Okruhlik Rentier Wealth, Unruly Law, and the Rise of Opposition: The Political Economy of Oil States , 1999 .

[124]  F. Gregory Iii Gause,et al.  Democracy and U.S. Policy in the Muslim Middle East , 1997 .

[125]  Ian Budge,et al.  New Challenge of Direct Democracy , 1996 .

[126]  W. Atkins The Politics of Southeast Asia's New Media , 2001 .

[127]  Edward Schwartz,et al.  NetActivism - how citizens use the internet , 1996 .

[128]  Mehran Kamrava Frozen political liberalization in Jordan: The consequences for democracy , 1998 .

[129]  Taylor C. Boas,et al.  Falun Gong and the Internet: Evangelism, Community, and Struggle for Survival , 2003 .

[130]  Nelida Fuccaro,et al.  The Making of the Modern Gulf States , 2002 .

[131]  James C. Mulvenon,et al.  The People’s Liberation Army in the Information Age: , 1999 .

[132]  W. Form,et al.  Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation. , 1996 .

[133]  J. Robinson Organizing China: The Problem of Bureaucracy 1949-1976 . By Harding Harry. (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1981. Pp. xi + 418. $29.50.) , 1983, American Political Science Review.

[134]  Robert D. Crassweller,et al.  The Selling of Fidel Castro: The Media and the Cuban Revolution , 1987 .

[135]  Varvara Mitliaga,et al.  Networks and Netwars - The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy , 2002, Int. J. Law Inf. Technol..

[136]  Michael Collins Dunny IS THE SKY FALLING? SAUDI ARABIA'S ECONOMIC PROBLEMS AND POLITICAL STABILITY , 1995 .

[137]  C. Marsden Regulating the Global Information Society , 2000 .

[138]  N. México Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, CEPAL , 1994 .