The Trust/Control Duality

The article offers a fresh perspective on the relationship between trust and control by conceptualizing the two concepts as a trust/control duality instead of a dualism. This entails that trust and control each assume the existence of the other, refer to each other and create each other, but remain irreducible to each other. The duality perspective assumes that the basic underlying problem is how actors reach positive expectations of the behaviour of other actors by whom they may be positively or negatively affected. On the basis of an assumption of embedded agency, the duality perspective on trust/control holds that actors form positive expectations of others by interpreting complex interactions between structural influences on actors and the possibility of either benevolent or malevolent action. As certainty cannot be reached, positive expectations also require suspension. The duality perspective is illustrated and applied throughout the article by reference to the empirical case of a publisher who wrote a diary on the process of negotiating a book deal with a prominent author-politician. Implications of the proposed trust/control perspective are presented, discussing the pitfalls of ignoring or adopting it as well as the opportunities leading from embracing it.

[1]  A. Giddens Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis , 1979 .

[2]  David Knights,et al.  Trust and Control in Organizational Relations [Editorial] , 2001 .

[3]  Mark S. Granovetter Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness , 1985, American Journal of Sociology.

[4]  Dale E. Zand Trust and Managerial Problem Solving , 1972 .

[5]  J. Eldridge,et al.  Beyond Contract: Work, Power and Trust Relations , 1975 .

[6]  Money: Two Philosophies , 1978 .

[7]  G. Simmel The sociology of Georg Simmel , 1950 .

[8]  Haridimos Tsoukas,et al.  The Oxford handbook of organization theory , 2005 .

[9]  Christopher Grey,et al.  Trust, Control and Post-Bureaucracy , 2001 .

[10]  Michael Ivor Reed,et al.  Organization, Trust and Control: A Realist Analysis , 2001 .

[11]  E. Shils The Constitution Of Society , 1982 .

[12]  A. Howson,et al.  ‘Leaps of Faith’ and MMR: An Empirical Study of Trust , 2005 .

[13]  J. Pennings,et al.  A typology of organizational control and its metaphors , 1989 .

[14]  Michael H. Smolensky,et al.  Editorial: Special Issue , 1987 .

[15]  Blair H. Sheppard,et al.  Micro-OB and the Network Organization , 1996 .

[16]  T. Das,et al.  Trust, Control, and Risk in Strategic Alliances: An Integrated Framework , 2001 .

[17]  Charlene M. Spretnak,et al.  Leaps of Faith , 1999 .

[18]  Hans Albert,et al.  Treatise on Critical Reason , 1985 .

[19]  Colin Camerer,et al.  Not So Different After All: A Cross-Discipline View Of Trust , 1998 .

[20]  P. Adler Market, Hierarchy, and Trust: The Knowledge Economy and the Future of Capitalism , 2001 .

[21]  P. Koopman,et al.  Introduction : trust within organisations , 2003 .

[22]  Shmuel N. Eisenstadt,et al.  Patrons, Clients and Friends: Interpersonal Relations and the Structure of Trust in Society , 1987 .

[23]  Guido Möllering,et al.  The Nature of Trust: From Georg Simmel to a Theory of Expectation, Interpretation and Suspension , 2001 .

[24]  C. Lane,et al.  Trust within and between organizations , 2000 .

[25]  C. Hardy,et al.  Distinguishing Trust and Power in Interorganizational Relations: Forms and Façades of Trust , 1998 .

[26]  R. Garud,et al.  Path dependence and creation , 2003 .

[27]  Steven C. Currall,et al.  International Joint Venture Trust: An Empirical Examination , 1997 .

[28]  Harvey S. James,et al.  The Trust Paradox: A Survey of Economic Inquiries into the Nature of Trust and Trustworthiness , 2001 .

[29]  Richard J. Zeckhauser,et al.  Strategy and Choice. , 1992 .

[30]  F. Buer Als Ob. Fiktionen und Organisationen , 2006 .

[31]  W. Powell,et al.  The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis , 1993 .

[32]  A. Zaheer,et al.  Relational governance as an interorganizational strategy: An empirical test of the role of trust in economic exchange , 1995 .

[33]  Guido Möllering Trust: Forms, Foundations, Functions, Failures and Figures , 2003 .

[34]  Michael Ivor Reed,et al.  The Agency/Structure Dilemma in Organization Theory: Open Doors and Brick Walls , 2005 .

[35]  G. Simmel The Philosophy of Money , 1979 .

[36]  Gregory A. Bigley,et al.  Straining for Shared Meaning in Organization Science: Problems of Trust and Distrust , 1998 .

[37]  J. Hagen,et al.  Trust in Japanese Interfirm Relations: Institutional Sanctions Matter , 1998 .

[38]  R. Bachmann Trust, Power and Control in Trans-Organizational Relations , 2001 .

[39]  T. Das,et al.  Between Trust and Control: Developing Confidence in Partner Cooperation in Alliances , 1998 .

[40]  The Hidden Society , 2017 .

[41]  J. H. Davis,et al.  An Integrative Model Of Organizational Trust , 1995 .

[42]  L. Zucker Production of trust: Institutional sources of economic structure, 1840–1920. , 1986 .

[43]  John Child,et al.  Trust—the fundamental bond in global collaboration , 2001 .

[44]  P. L. Koopman,et al.  Trust within organisations: Introduction to a special issue. , 2003 .

[45]  Cynthia Hardy,et al.  When `Silence = Death', Keep Talking: Trust, Control and the Discursive Construction of Identity in the Canadian HIV/AIDS Treatment Domain , 2001 .

[46]  John W. Meyer,et al.  The “Actors” of Modern Society: The Cultural Construction of Social Agency* , 2000 .

[47]  N. Denzin,et al.  Handbook of Qualitative Research , 1994 .

[48]  John Child,et al.  Organization: Contemporary Principles and Practice , 2005 .

[49]  J. Lewis,et al.  Trust as a Social Reality , 1985 .

[50]  S. Kauffman At Home in the Universe: The Search for the Laws of Self-Organization and Complexity , 1995 .

[51]  Roderick M. Kramer,et al.  Swift trust and temporary groups. , 1996 .

[52]  Richard Leifer,et al.  An Information Processing Approach for Deciding Upon Control Strategies and Reducing Control Loss in Emerging Organizations , 1996 .

[53]  K. Bijlsma,et al.  Antecedents of trust in managers: a 'bottom up' approach , 2003 .

[54]  R. Golembiewski Trust and Power Two Works by Niklas Luhmann . By Niklas Luhmann. (New York: John Wiley, 1980. Pp. xix + 208. $28.95.) , 1981, American Political Science Review.

[55]  A. Pettigrew WHAT IS A PROCESSUAL ANALYSIS. , 1997 .

[56]  R. Lewicki,et al.  Developing and Maintaining Trust in Work Relationships , 1996 .

[57]  Robert J. Bennett,et al.  The role of trust and contract in the supply of business advice , 2004 .

[58]  Diego Gambetta Can We Trust Trust , 2000 .

[59]  P. Dasgupta Trust as a commodity , 1988 .

[60]  Pamela S. Tolbert,et al.  Institutionalization and Structuration: Studying the Links between Action and Institution , 1997 .

[61]  J. Sydow,et al.  Knowledge, Trust, and Control: Managing Tensions and Contradictions in a Regional Network of Service Firms , 2003 .

[62]  Oskar Lafontaine Das Herz schlägt links , 1999 .

[63]  Paul DiMaggio Interest and Agency in Institutional Theory , 1988 .

[64]  Guido Möllering Perceived trustworthiness and inter‐firm governance: empirical evidence from the UK printing industry , 2002 .

[65]  L. Melin,et al.  Innovative Forms of Organizing , 2003 .

[66]  M. Reed,et al.  In Praise of Duality and Dualism: Rethinking Agency and Structure in Organizational Analysis , 1997 .

[67]  O. Williamson Calculativeness, Trust, and Economic Organization , 1993, The Journal of Law and Economics.

[68]  Guido Möllering,et al.  Special Issue: Trust in an Organizational Context: Contextual Confidence and Active Trust Development in the Chinese Business Environment , 2003, Organ. Sci..

[69]  Raghu Garud,et al.  Path Creation as a Process of Mindful Deviation , 2013 .

[70]  Jeffrey L. Bradach,et al.  Price, Authority, and Trust: From Ideal Types to Plural Forms , 1989 .

[71]  David Knights,et al.  Trust and control in organizational relations , 2001 .

[72]  N. Luhmann,et al.  Trust: Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations , 1990 .

[73]  Thomas A. Schwandt Constructivist, interpretivist approaches to human inquiry. , 1994 .

[74]  B. Uzzi,et al.  Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness , 1997 .

[75]  A. Giddens The Constitution of Society , 1985 .

[76]  J. H. Davis,et al.  An integrative model of organizational trust, Academy of Management Review, : . , 1995 .