Electrical impedance evaluation in a conductive–dielectric half space by the charge simulation method

Electrical impedance in a non-homogeneous half space is considered by the charge simulation method (CSM). The CSM is a kind of the direct boundary element method, which is suitable for the infinite exterior analysis, as it only requires the discretization over the boundary surfaces between the regions. The electrical grounding systems are modelled, in which some numerical solutions are demonstrated for the impedance evaluation at the electrode placed in the half space and the potential distribution is visualized.