Homo Citans and Carbon Allotropes: For an Ethics of Citation

Cite we must, cite we do. We cite because we are links in a chain, using properties and methods validated by others. We also cite to negotiate the anxiety of influence. And to be fair. After outlining the reasons for citation, we use two case studies of citation amnesia in the field of hypothetical carbon allotropes to present a computer‐age search tool (SACADA) in that subsubfield. Finally, we advise on good search practice, including what to do if you miss a citation.

[1]  Roald Hoffmann,et al.  Hypothetical metallic allotrope of carbon , 1983 .

[2]  R. Merton.  Priorities in scientific discovery: A chapter in the sociology of science. , 1957 .

[3]  Ruifeng Zhang,et al.  Anisotropic ideal strengths of superhard monoclinic and tetragonal carbon and their electronic origin , 2011 .

[4]  E. Koch,et al.  Hexagonal and trigonal sphere packings. IV. Trivariant lattice complexes of trigonal space groups. , 2005, Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of crystallography.

[5]  V. Blatov,et al.  Underlying nets in three-periodic coordination polymers: topology, taxonomy and prediction from a computer-aided analysis of the Cambridge Structural Database , 2011 .

[6]  I. N. Moraes,et al.  Introduction to scientific research , 1966 .

[7]  H. L. Riley.  Chemical and crystallographic factors in carbon combustion , 1950 .

[8]  S. C. O'brien,et al.  C60: Buckminsterfullerene , 1985, Nature.

[9]  Faming Gao,et al.  Theoretical hardness and ideal tensile strength of bct‐C4 , 2010 .

[10]  Ying Bai,et al.  First-principles investigation in the Raman and infrared spectra of sp(3) carbon allotropes , 2014 .

[11]  R. Merton.  The Matthew Effect in Science , 1968, Science.

[12]  E. Castro,et al.  On the n-diamond and i-carbon nanocrystalline forms , 2012, Journal of Mathematical Chemistry.

[13]  J. Castells,et al.  Goal!: an exercise in IUPAC nomenclature , 1983 .

[14]  Li-Min Wang,et al.  Three dimensional carbon-nanotube polymers. , 2011, ACS nano.

[15]  W. F. V. Gunsteren.  Die sieben Todsünden akademischen Handelns in der naturwissenschaftlichen Forschung , 2013 .

[16]  V. Saleev,et al.  From zeolite nets to sp(3) carbon allotropes: a topology-based multiscale theoretical study. , 2015, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[17]  E. A. Belenkov,et al.  New structural modifications of diamond: LA9, LA10, and CA12 , 2014 .

[18]  H. Heesch,et al.  Über dünne Kugelpackungen , 1933 .

[19]  R. Ruoff,et al.  From conception to realization: an historial account of graphene and some perspectives for its future. , 2010, Angewandte Chemie.

[20]  Michael C. Frank,et al.  Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science , 2015, Science.

[21]  Daniela Dreyer,et al.  Ein Konzept und seine Umsetzung: Graphen gestern, heute und morgen , 2010 .

[22]  Peter J. Eng,et al.  Bonding Changes in Compressed Superhard Graphite , 2003, Science.

[23]  Michael O'Keeffe,et al.  What do we know about three-periodic nets? , 2005 .

[24]  Stephen M. Stigler,et al.  STIGLER'S LAW OF EPONYMY† , 1980 .

[25]  W. Schnick,et al.  LixH12−x−y+z[P12OyN24−y]Clz – ein Oxonitridophosphat mit zeolithartiger Gerüststruktur aus Dreierringen , 2003 .

[26]  Robert A. Davidson,et al.  Spectral analysis of graphs by cyclic automorphism subgroups , 1981 .

[27]  A. Mackay,et al.  Diamond from graphite , 1991, Nature.

[28]  R. Baughman,et al.  Tubulanes: carbon phases based on cross-linked fullerene tubules , 1993 .

[29]  J. Tersoff,et al.  Negative-curvature fullerene analog of C60. , 1992, Physical review letters.

[30]  W. V. Gunsteren.  The Seven Sins in Academic Behavior in the Natural Sciences , 2013 .

[31]  Editorial: Die Ethik des Zitierens , 2012 .

[32]  S. Zhang,et al.  Carbon kagome lattice and orbital-frustration-induced metal-insulator transition for optoelectronics. , 2014, Physical review letters.

[33]  Li-Min Wang,et al.  Novel superhard carbon: C-centered orthorhombic C8. , 2011, Physical review letters.

[34]  Michael O'Keeffe,et al.  Identification of and symmetry computation for crystal nets. , 2003, Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of crystallography.

[35]  Plergiorgio Strata,et al.  Citation analysis , 1995, Nature.

[36]  Takashi Miyake,et al.  Body-centered tetragonal C4: a viable sp3 carbon allotrope. , 2010, Physical review letters.

[37]  J. Desclaux.  Relativistic Dirac-Fock expectation values for atoms with Z = 1 to Z = 120 , 1973 .

[38]  W. Fischer.  Existenzbedingungen homogener Kugelpackungen in Raumgruppen tetragonaler Symmetrie , 1971 .

[39]  E. Garfield.  Essays Of An Information Scientist , 1977 .

[40]  H. L. Riley,et al.  87. Amorphous carbon , 1946 .

[41]  W. Krätschmer,et al.  Solid C60: a new form of carbon , 1990, Nature.

[42]  A. F. Wells.  The geometrical basis of crystal chemistry. Part 2 , 1954 .

[43]  The seven sins in academic behavior in the natural sciences. , 2013, Angewandte Chemie.

[44]  Jijun Zhao,et al.  Tunable Assembly of sp3 Cross‐Linked 3D Graphene Monoliths: A First‐Principles Prediction , 2013 .

[45]  Lutz Bornmann,et al.  What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior , 2008, J. Documentation.

[46]  M. O'Keeffe.  On the 4-connected nets in some silica structures of Boisen, Gibbs and Bukowinski , 1995 .

[47]  O. Sankey,et al.  Polybenzene, A Predicted New Low Energy Form of Carbon , 1992 .

[48]  R. Hoffmann,et al.  A Hypothetical Dense 3,4-Connected Carbon Net and Related B2C and CN2 Nets Built from 1,4-Cyclohexadienoid Units , 1994 .

[49]  Manfred Kochen.  How Well do we acknowledge Intellectual debts? , 1987, J. Documentation.

[50]  V. G. Bamburov,et al.  Stability and structural, elastic, and electronic properties of 3D-(sp3) carbon allotropes according to DFTB calculations , 2012, Doklady Physical Chemistry.

[51]  E. Garfield,et al.  Can Citation Indexing Be Automated ? , 1964 .

[52]  A. L. Ivanovskii,et al.  Search for superhard carbon: between graphite and diamond , 2013, Journal of Superhard Materials.

[53]  J. Smith,et al.  Enumeration of 4-connected 3-dimensional nets and classification of framework silicates; I, Perpendicular linkage from simple hexagonal net , 1977 .

[54]  M. Brzhezinskaya,et al.  Novel carbon diamond-like phases LA5, LA7 and LA8 , 2014 .

[55]  Roald Hoffmann,et al.  Extended hückel theory—v : Cumulenes, polyenes, polyacetylenes and cn , 1966 .

[56]  Xavier Gonze,et al.  Energetics of negatively curved graphitic carbon , 1992, Nature.

[57]  Michael O'Keeffe,et al.  Aspects of crystal structure prediction: some successes and some difficulties. , 2010, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[58]  E. Stechel,et al.  Small rings and amorphous tetrahedral carbon , 1999 .

[59]  Michael O'Keeffe,et al.  Vertex-, face-, point-, Schläfli-, and Delaney-symbols in nets, polyhedra and tilings: recommended terminology , 2010 .

[60]  Davide M. Proserpio,et al.  Netze und Gyroide: wenig bekannt und doch in Chemie, Materialwissenschaften und Mathematik allgegenwärtig , 2008 .

[61]  C. Pickard,et al.  Systematic prediction of crystal structures: An application to sp 3 -hybridized carbon polymorphs , 2004 .

[62]  Mary Elizabeth Stevens,et al.  Statistical Association Methods for Mechanized Documentation. , 1967 .

[63]  P. Buseck,et al.  Lonsdaleite is faulted and twinned cubic diamond and does not exist as a discrete material , 2014, Nature Communications.

[64]  R. Carlson,et al.  On Hype, Malpractice, and Scientific Misconduct in Organic Synthesis , 2012 .

[65]  A. F. Wells.  Three-dimensional nets and polyhedra , 1977 .

[66]  Hui Wang,et al.  Tetragonal allotrope of group 14 elements. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[67]  H. S. Domingos.  Carbon allotropes and strong nanotube bundles , 2004 .

[68]  P. Jena,et al.  Stable three-dimensional metallic carbon with interlocking hexagons , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[69]  Michael O'Keeffe,et al.  A short history of an elusive yet ubiquitous structure in chemistry, materials, and mathematics. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[70]  E. Wager,et al.  Responsible Research Publication: International Standards for Authors , 2014, Prilozi.

[71]  M. Biagioli.  Plagiarism, Kinship and Slavery , 2014 .

[72]  A. W. Hull.  A New Method Of X-Ray Crystal Analysis , 1992, Powder Diffraction.

[73]  A. P. Shevchenko,et al.  Applied Topological Analysis of Crystal Structures with the Program Package ToposPro , 2014 .

[74]  Bog-Gi Kim,et al.  C4 Carbon allotropes with triple-bonds predicted by first-principles calculations , 2013 .

[75]  J. Badding,et al.  FLAPW investigation of the stability and equation of state of rectangulated carbon , 2002 .

[76]  A. Haymet.  C120 and C60: Archimedean solids constructed from sp2 hybridized carbon atoms , 1985 .

[77]  A. Oganov,et al.  Compressed carbon nanotubes: A family of new multifunctional carbon allotropes , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[78]  A. F. Wells.  The geometrical basis of crystal chemistry. Part 1 , 1954 .

[79]  V. Blatov,et al.  Topological relations between three-periodic nets. II. Binodal nets. , 2009, Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of crystallography.

[80]  Kenneth M. Merz,et al.  3,4-connected carbon nets: through-space and through-bond interactions in the solid state , 1987 .

[81]  E Garfield,et al.  "Science Citation Index"--A New Dimension in Indexing. , 1964, Science.

[82]  R. Hoffmann.  Brücken zwischen Anorganischer und Organischer Chemie (Nobel‐Vortrag) , 2006 .

[83]  W. Fischer,et al.  Hexagonal and trigonal sphere packings. I. Invariant and univariant lattice complexes. , 2003, Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of crystallography.

[84]  Artem R. Oganov,et al.  Evolutionary search for superhard materials: Methodology and applications to forms of carbon and TiO2 , 2011 .

[85]  Michael F. Winter,et al.  : The Footnote: A Curious History , 1999 .

[86]  L. Öhrström,et al.  Network topology approach to new allotropes of the group 14 elements , 2013 .

[87]  J. Tuček,et al.  Broad family of carbon nanoallotropes: classification, chemistry, and applications of fullerenes, carbon dots, nanotubes, graphene, nanodiamonds, and combined superstructures. , 2015, Chemical reviews.

[88]  Nicolaas Bloembergen,et al.  Laser: The Inventor, the Nobel Laureate, and the Thirty-Year Patent War , 2001 .

[89]  I. Stamatin,et al.  On the structure of i-carbon , 2006 .

[90]  Spiroconjugation in 1-, 2-, and 3-Dimensions: The Foundations of a Spiro Quantum Chemistry , 2004 .

[91]  J. Burdett,et al.  Chromium boride (CrB4) and manganese boride (MnB4): electronic structures of two unusual systems containing the tetragonal carbon net , 1988 .

[92]  E. A. Belenkov,et al.  Structures of diamond-like phases , 2011 .

[93]  Ivan V. Stankevich,et al.  The Structural Chemistry of Crystalline Carbon: Geometry, Stability, and Electronic Spectrum , 1984 .

[94]  K. Mcsweeney,et al.  The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry , 1974 .

[95]  Joseph V. Smith.  Enumeration of 4-connected 3-dimensional nets and classification of framework silicates; III, Combination of helix, and zigzag, crankshaft and saw chains with simple 2D nets , 1979 .

[96]  Norman M Kaplan,et al.  The norms of citation behavior: Prolegomena to the footnote , 1965 .

[97]  Shengbai Zhang,et al.  Nanostructured Carbon Allotropes with Weyl-like Loops and Points. , 2015, Nano letters.

[98]  I. Stamatin,et al.  A chemically intuitive proposal for the structure of n-diamond , 2005 .

[99]  R. N. Wright,et al.  Oxygen , 1858, The American journal of dental science.

[100]  Ziming Xu,et al.  Strength, hardness, and lattice vibrations ofZ-carbon andW-carbon: First-principles calculations , 2012 .

[101]  Vwani P. Roychowdhury,et al.  Read Before You Cite! , 2003, Complex Syst..

[102]  Ronald J. Biediger,et al.  First total synthesis of taxol. 1. Functionalization of the B ring , 1994 .

[103]  R. Merton.  On the Shoulders of Giants: A Shandean Postscript , 1966 .

[104]  E. Koch,et al.  Hexagonal and trigonal sphere packings. II. Bivariant lattice complexes. , 2004, Acta crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of crystallography.

[105]  Philip Ball,et al.  Paper trail reveals references go unread by citing authors , 2002, Nature.

[106]  Mounir Errami,et al.  A tale of two citations , 2008, Nature.

[107]  Yoshiyuki Kawazoe,et al.  Low-Temperature Phase Transformation from Graphite to s p 3 Orthorhombic Carbon , 2011 .

[108]  Roald Hoffmann,et al.  Building Bridges Between Inorganic and Organic Chemistry (Nobel Lecture) , 1982 .

[109]  Michael B. Yaffe,et al.  Reproducibility in science , 2015, Science Signaling.

[110]  W. Schnick,et al.  LixH12-x-y+z[P12OyN24-y]Clz--an oxonitridophosphate with a zeolitelike framework structure composed of 3-rings. , 2003, Angewandte Chemie.

[111]  M. O'keeffe,et al.  The Reticular Chemistry Structure Resource (RCSR) database of, and symbols for, crystal nets. , 2008, Accounts of chemical research.

[112]  B Walter,et al.  [In citation process]. , 2010, Der Radiologe.

[113]  G. Kresse,et al.  Efficiency of ab-initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set , 1996 .

[114]  F. Laves.  Zur Klassifikation der Silikate. Geometrische Untersuchungen möglicher Silicium-Sauerstoff- Verbände als Verknüpfungsmöglichkeiten regulärer Tetraeder , 1932 .

[115]  H. Kroto,et al.  Predicting experimentally stable allotropes: Instability of penta-graphene , 2015, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[116]  Xiao Dong,et al.  Ab initio study of the formation of transparent carbon under pressure , 2010, 1003.1569.

[117]  Adams,et al.  Predicted new low energy forms of carbon. , 1992, Physical review letters.

[118]  R. Baughman,et al.  A carbon phase that graphitizes at room temperature , 1997 .

[119]  R. Merton.  The Matthew Effect in Science, II: Cumulative Advantage and the Symbolism of Intellectual Property , 1988, Isis.

[120]  Yuan-yuan Zhao,et al.  Vibrational Properties of Body-Centered Tetragonal C4 , 2011 .

[121]  Jan Reedijk,et al.  Citations and ethics. , 2012, Angewandte Chemie.

[122]  Anthony L. Spek,et al.  Journal of , 1993 .

[123]  W. Bragg,et al.  The Structure of the Diamond , 1913, Nature.

[124]  Artem R. Oganov,et al.  Understanding the nature of “superhard graphite” , 2012, Scientific Reports.

[125]  M. O'Keeffe,et al.  Uninodal 4‐connected 3D nets. II. Nets with 3‐rings , 1992 .