Influence of V2G Frequency Services and Driving on Electric Vehicles Battery Degradation in the Nordic Countries

Researchers worldwide are investigating whether electric vehicles (EV) Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) services can be profitable for both customer and involved stakeholders. However, marginal consideration has been given so far to the possible wear of the EV battery while providing energy intense services. This paper intends to clearly distinguish and quantify the impact on the battery life time because of normal driving and frequency based service. A representative 40 kWh EV with battery characteristics modelled as Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide batteries is taken as reference, being subject to realistic driving patterns in the Danish island of Bornholm and providing V2G service with 10 kW fast chargers when grid connected. It is shown that if the service energy requirements are relatively low, short term power flows have limited effect on the battery degradation and despite very long provision periods the degradation is not much higher than from normal driving usage.