Real CO 2 emissions benefits and end user ’ s operating costs of a plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Although plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (pHEVs) can be considered a powerful technology to promote the change from conventional mobility to e-mobility, their real benefits, in terms of CO2 emissions, depend to a great extent on the average efficiency of their Internal Combustion Engine and on the energy source mix which is used to supply the electrical demand of pHEV. Furthermore the operating cost of the vehicle should also be taken into account in the design process, since it represents the main driver in the customer’s choice. This article has the purpose of assessing, through numerical simulations, the effects of different technology mixes used to produce electrical energy for the battery recharging, of different Internal Combustion Engines on the pHEV performance, and highlighting the main differences with respect to the regulatory test procedure. 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY license.

[1]  Jakob Andert,et al.  V2-Range extender module with FEVcom-a barely noticeable companion in your electric vehicle , 2011 .

[2]  Lino Guzzella,et al.  On Implementation of Dynamic Programming for Optimal Control Problems with Final State Constraints , 2010 .

[3]  G. Rizzoni,et al.  Effects of different PHEV control strategies on vehicle performance , 2009, 2009 American Control Conference.

[4]  Malcolm McCulloch,et al.  Modeling the prospects of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles to reduce CO2 emissions , 2011 .

[5]  Franz Brandl,et al.  NVH development of electric vehicles with range extender , 2010 .

[6]  Craig H Stephan,et al.  Environmental and energy implications of plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[7]  Pengju Kang,et al.  A Rule-Based Strategy for a Series/Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle: An Approach Based on Dynamic Programming , 2010 .

[8]  Jarod C. Kelly,et al.  Time-dependent plug-in hybrid electric vehicle charging based on national driving patterns and demographics , 2012 .

[9]  Federico Millo,et al.  Development of a Control Strategy for Complex Light-Duty Diesel-Hybrid Powertrains , 2011 .

[10]  Huei Peng,et al.  Power management strategy for a parallel hybrid electric truck , 2003, IEEE Trans. Control. Syst. Technol..

[11]  Viktor Larsson,et al.  Impact of Trip Length Uncertainty on Optimal Discharging Strategies for PHEVs , 2010 .

[12]  Luciano Rolando.  An Innovative Methodology for the Development of HEVs Energy Management System , 2012 .

[13]  Olle Sundström,et al.  A generic dynamic programming Matlab function , 2009, 2009 IEEE Control Applications, (CCA) & Intelligent Control, (ISIC).

[14]  Viktor Larsson,et al.  Benefit of route recognition in energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles , 2012, 2012 American Control Conference (ACC).

[15]  Alfred Rust,et al.  NVH of Electric Vehicles with Range Extender , 2010 .

[16]  Federico Millo,et al.  Analysis of the Performance of a Turbocharged S.I. Engine under Transient Operating Conditions by Means of Fast Running Models , 2013 .

[17]  Federico Millo,et al.  Numerical Simulation for Vehicle PowertrainDevelopment , 2011 .

[18]  Giorgio Rizzoni,et al.  General supervisory control policy for the energy optimization of charge-sustaining hybrid electric vehicles , 2001 .

[19]  Federico Millo,et al.  Development of an optimal strategy for the energy management of a range-extended electric vehicle with additional noise, vibration and harshness constraints , 2013 .

[20]  Pengju Kang,et al.  Layered control strategies for hybrid electric vehicles based on optimal control , 2011 .

[21]  Lino Guzzella,et al.  Vehicle Propulsion Systems: Introduction to Modeling and Optimization , 2005 .