In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging of cancer with nanoparticle-based probes.

The use of in vivo near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging techniques for sensitive cancer early detection is highly desirable, because biological tissues show very low absorption and autofluorescence in the NIR spectrum window. Cancer NIRF molecular imaging relies greatly on stable, highly specific and sensitive molecular probes. Nanoparticle-based NIRF probes have overcome some of the limitations of the conventional NIRF organic dyes, such as poor hydrophilicity and photostability, low quantum yield, insufficient stability in biological system, low detection sensitivity, etc. Therefore, a lot of efforts have been made to actively develop novel NIRF nanoparticles for in vivo cancer molecular imaging. The main focus of this article is to provide a brief overview of the synthesis, surface modification, and in vivo cancer imaging applications of nanoparticle-based NIRF probes, including dye-containing nanoparticles, NIRF quantum dots, and upconversion nanoparticles.

[1]  Feng Wang,et al.  One-pot synthesis of chitosan/LaF3:Eu3+ nanocrystals for bio-applications , 2006, Nanotechnology.

[2]  Hui Li,et al.  Ligand conjugated low-density lipoprotein nanoparticles for enhanced optical cancer imaging in vivo. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[3]  Cheng-Hsien Yang,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of CdTe/CdS and CdTe/CdSe core/shell type-II quantum dots in a noncoordinating solvent , 2007 .

[4]  Kemin Wang,et al.  Preparation of luminescent Cy5 doped core-shell SFNPs and its application as a near-infrared fluorescent marker. , 2007, Talanta.

[5]  Gan-Moog Chow,et al.  Water -soluble NaYF4:Yb,Er (Tm)/NaYF4/Polymer Core/Shell/Shell nanoparticles with significant enhancement of upconversion fluorescence , 2007 .

[6]  Xinmai Yang,et al.  Photoacoustic tomography of a rat cerebral cortex in vivo with au nanocages as an optical contrast agent. , 2007, Nano letters.

[7]  Shelton D Caruthers,et al.  Magnetic resonance molecular imaging with nanoparticles , 2004, Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology.

[8]  S. Nie,et al.  A new class of far-red and near-infrared biological labels based on alloyed semiconductor quantum dots. , 2004, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[9]  Feng Wang,et al.  Synthesis of polyethylenimine/NaYF4 nanoparticles with upconversion fluorescence , 2006 .

[10]  Jizhong Zhou,et al.  Improving the signal sensitivity and photostability of DNA hybridizations on microarrays by using dye-doped core-shell silica nanoparticles. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[11]  F. Auzel.  Upconversion and anti-Stokes processes with f and d ions in solids. , 2004, Chemical reviews.

[12]  Ralph Weissleder,et al.  Upconverting luminescent nanomaterials: application to in vivo bioimaging. , 2009, Chemical communications.

[13]  Jinwoo Cheon,et al.  Artificially engineered magnetic nanoparticles for ultra-sensitive molecular imaging , 2007, Nature Medicine.

[14]  Yong Zhang,et al.  Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals. , 2008, Biomaterials.

[15]  W. Dehaen,et al.  Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reactions for the Functionalization of BODIPY Dyes with Fluorescence Spanning the Visible Spectrum , 2006 .

[16]  Nora Khanarian,et al.  In vivo and scanning electron microscopy imaging of up-converting nanophosphors in Caenorhabditis elegans. , 2006, Nano letters.

[17]  Jun Lin,et al.  Highly uniform and monodisperse beta-NaYF(4):Ln(3+) (Ln = Eu, Tb, Yb/Er, and Yb/Tm) hexagonal microprism crystals: hydrothermal synthesis and luminescent properties. , 2007, Inorganic chemistry.

[18]  Scott C. Brown,et al.  Nanoparticles for bioimaging. , 2006, Advances in colloid and interface science.

[19]  Meng Wang,et al.  Two-phase solvothermal synthesis of rare-earth doped NaYF4 upconversion fluorescent nanocrystals , 2009 .

[20]  Yongzhuo Li,et al.  Synthesis and Upconversion Luminescence of Hexagonal‐Phase NaYF4:Yb, Er3+ Phosphors of Controlled Size and Morphology , 2005 .

[21]  Ralph Weissleder,et al.  In vivo selection of phage for the optical imaging of PC-3 human prostate carcinoma in mice. , 2006, Neoplasia.

[22]  J. Frangioni.  In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging. , 2003, Current opinion in chemical biology.

[23]  J. Rao,et al.  Fluorescence imaging in vivo: recent advances. , 2007, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[24]  Jia Guo,et al.  Synthesis of high-quality near-infrared-emitting CdTeS alloyed quantum dots via the hydrothermal method , 2007 .

[25]  M. Haase,et al.  Lanthanide-Doped NaYF4 Nanocrystals in Aqueous Solution Displaying Strong Up-Conversion Emission , 2007 .

[26]  T. Mihaljevic,et al.  Near-infrared fluorescent type II quantum dots for sentinel lymph node mapping , 2004, Nature Biotechnology.

[27]  Robert Sinclair,et al.  Real-time intravital imaging of RGD-quantum dot binding to luminal endothelium in mouse tumor neovasculature. , 2008, Nano letters.

[28]  P. Choyke,et al.  Simultaneous two-color spectral fluorescence lymphangiography with near infrared quantum dots to map two lymphatic flows from the breast and the upper extremity , 2007, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.

[29]  G. Chow,et al.  Colloidal LaF3:Yb,Er, LaF3:Yb,Ho and LaF3:Yb,Tm nanocrystals with multicolor upconversion fluorescence , 2005 .

[30]  Fuyou Li,et al.  Versatile synthesis strategy for carboxylic acid-functionalized upconverting nanophosphors as biological labels. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[31]  David A. Cheresh,et al.  Detection of tumor angiogenesis in vivo by αvβ3-targeted magnetic resonance imaging , 1998, Nature Medicine.

[32]  U. Dirnagl,et al.  In Vivo Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity after Cerebral Ischemia , 2009, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[33]  R. Weissleder,et al.  Development of water-soluble far-red fluorogenic dyes for enzyme sensing , 2006 .

[34]  Kemin Wang,et al.  A novel fluorescent label based on organic dye-doped silica nanoparticles for HepG liver cancer cell recognition. , 2004, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[35]  Igor L. Medintz,et al.  Quantum dot bioconjugates for imaging, labelling and sensing , 2005, Nature materials.

[36]  Igor L. Medintz,et al.  Proteolytic activity monitored by fluorescence resonance energy transfer through quantum-dot–peptide conjugates , 2006, Nature materials.

[37]  Xinmai Yang,et al.  Nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging. , 2009, Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology.

[38]  Liang Sun,et al.  Silica-/titania-coated Y2O3:Tm3+, Yb3+ nanoparticles with improvement in upconversion luminescence induced by different thickness shells , 2008 .

[39]  T. V. van Berkel,et al.  Recombinant lipoproteins: lipoprotein-like lipid particles for drug targeting. , 2001, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[40]  Kemin Wang,et al.  Rhodamine B isothiocyanate doped silica-coated fluorescent nanoparticles (RBITC-DSFNPs)-based bioprobes conjugated to Annexin V for apoptosis detection and imaging. , 2007, Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine.

[41]  P. Linsel-Nitschke,et al.  HDL as a target in the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease , 2005, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.

[42]  M. Bawendi,et al.  Engineering InAs(x)P(1-x)/InP/ZnSe III-V alloyed core/shell quantum dots for the near-infrared. , 2005, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[43]  Britton Chance,et al.  Carbocyanine labeled LDL for optical imaging of tumors1 , 2004 .

[44]  A. Alivisatos.  Semiconductor Clusters, Nanocrystals, and Quantum Dots , 1996, Science.

[45]  S. Gambhir,et al.  Noninvasive Raman spectroscopy in living mice for evaluation of tumor targeting with carbon nanotubes. , 2008, Nano letters.

[46]  Harald Ittrich,et al.  Real-time magnetic resonance imaging and quantification of lipoprotein metabolism in vivo using nanocrystals. , 2009, Nature nanotechnology.

[47]  P. Sima,et al.  Cyanine Dyes as Protectors of K562 Cells from Photosensitized Cell Damage† , 2000, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[48]  Lihong V. Wang,et al.  Photoacoustic tomography of a nanoshell contrast agent in the in vivo rat brain , 2004 .

[49]  L. Klein.  Sol-Gel Processing of Silicates , 1985 .

[50]  Mizuo Maeda,et al.  Cyclic RGD peptide-labeled upconversion nanophosphors for tumor cell-targeted imaging. , 2009, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[51]  Britton Chance,et al.  Tricarbocyanine cholesteryl laurates labeled LDL: new near infrared fluorescent probes (NIRFs) for monitoring tumors and gene therapy of familial hypercholesterolemia. , 2002, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.

[52]  S. Gambhir,et al.  Quantum Dots for Live Cells, in Vivo Imaging, and Diagnostics , 2005, Science.

[53]  Z. Fayad,et al.  An ApoA-I mimetic peptide high-density-lipoprotein-based MRI contrast agent for atherosclerotic plaque composition detection. , 2008, Small.

[54]  J. Silver,et al.  The Effect of Particle Morphology and Crystallite Size on the Upconversion Luminescence Properties of Erbium and Ytterbium Co-doped Yttrium Oxide Phosphors , 2001 .

[55]  M J Welch,et al.  Metabolic imaging with gallium-68- and indium-111-labeled low-density lipoprotein. , 1991, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.

[56]  Weibo Cai,et al.  Preparation of peptide-conjugated quantum dots for tumor vasculature-targeted imaging , 2008, Nature Protocols.

[57]  Alexander Eychmüller,et al.  Wet chemical synthesis and spectroscopic study of CdHgTe nanocrystals with strong near-infrared luminescence , 2000 .

[58]  R. Weissleder.  A clearer vision for in vivo imaging , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[59]  P. May,et al.  Near-infrared (NIR) to red and green up-conversion emission from silica sol-gel thin films made with La(0.45)Yb(0.50)Er(0.05)F(3) nanoparticles, hetero-looping-enhanced energy transfer (Hetero-LEET): a new up-conversion process. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[60]  Byron Ballou,et al.  Fluorescence imaging of tumors in vivo. , 2005, Current medicinal chemistry.

[61]  Sanjiv S Gambhir,et al.  Creating self-illuminating quantum dot conjugates , 2006, Nature Protocols.

[62]  Ya-Wen Zhang,et al.  Highly Efficient Multicolor Up-Conversion Emissions and Their Mechanisms of Monodisperse NaYF4:Yb,Er Core and Core/Shell-Structured Nanocrystals , 2007 .

[63]  W. Chan,et al.  Optimizing the Synthesis of Red- to Near-IR-Emitting CdS-Capped CdTexSe1-x Alloyed Quantum Dots for Biomedical Imaging , 2006 .

[64]  Weihong Tan,et al.  Bioconjugated Luminescent Nanoparticles for Biological Applications , 2003 .

[65]  Hui Li,et al.  Rerouting lipoprotein nanoparticles to selected alternate receptors for the targeted delivery of cancer diagnostic and therapeutic agents. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[66]  A. Maitra,et al.  pDNA loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles: highly efficient non-viral vector for gene delivery. , 2005, International journal of pharmaceutics.

[67]  S. Nie,et al.  Quantum Dot Nanocrystals for In Vivo Molecular and Cellular Imaging¶ , 2004 .

[68]  Shimon Weiss,et al.  Quantum Dots for In Vivo Small-Animal Imaging , 2009, Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[69]  D B Plewes,et al.  Comparison of breast magnetic resonance imaging, mammography, and ultrasound for surveillance of women at high risk for hereditary breast cancer. , 2001, Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

[70]  W. E. Miller,et al.  Lung cancer detected during a screening program using four-month chest radiographs. , 1983, Radiology.

[71]  Markus Rudin,et al.  In vivo detection of amyloid-β deposits by near-infrared imaging using an oxazine-derivative probe , 2005, Nature Biotechnology.

[72]  Yadong Li,et al.  Na(Y1.5 Na0.5)F6 single-crystal nanorods as multicolor luminescent materials. , 2006, Nano letters.

[73]  Sanjiv S Gambhir,et al.  Self-illuminating quantum dot conjugates for in vivo imaging , 2006, Nature Biotechnology.

[74]  W. Tan,et al.  Development of novel dye-doped silica nanoparticles for biomarker application. , 2001, Journal of biomedical optics.

[75]  Robert Sinclair,et al.  Improved QD-BRET conjugates for detection and imaging. , 2008, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[76]  Weihong Tan,et al.  Aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles for selective collection and detection of cancer cells. , 2006, Analytical chemistry.

[77]  Depu Chen,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of efficient near-infrared upconversion Yb and Tm codoped NaYF4 nanocrystal reporter , 2007 .

[78]  W. Tan,et al.  Conjugation of biomolecules with luminophore-doped silica nanoparticles for photostable biomarkers. , 2001, Analytical chemistry.

[79]  Brij M Moudgil,et al.  Fluorescent Nanoparticle Probes for Cancer Imaging , 2005, Technology in cancer research & treatment.

[80]  K Svanberg,et al.  In vivo fluorescence imaging for tissue diagnostics. , 1997, Physics in medicine and biology.

[81]  Sanjiv S Gambhir,et al.  Peptide-labeled near-infrared quantum dots for imaging tumor vasculature in living subjects. , 2006, Nano letters.

[82]  Meng Wang,et al.  Immunolabeling and NIR-excited fluorescent imaging of HeLa cells by using NaYF(4):Yb,Er upconversion nanoparticles. , 2009, ACS nano.

[83]  Igor L. Medintz,et al.  Luminescent quantum dots in immunoassays , 2006, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[84]  Peter Choyke,et al.  Current Advances in Molecular Imaging: Noninvasive in Vivo Bioluminescent and Fluorescent Optical Imaging in Cancer Research , 2003, Molecular imaging.

[85]  W. Semmler,et al.  Receptor-targeted optical imaging of tumors with near-infrared fluorescent ligands , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[86]  Y. Nagasaki,et al.  PEG-based Surface Modification on Upconversion Nanophosphors for Bio-imaging under IR Excitation , 2006 .

[87]  Didier Gourier,et al.  Nanoprobes with near-infrared persistent luminescence for in vivo imaging , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[88]  P. Jain,et al.  (CdSe)ZnS Core−Shell Quantum Dots: Synthesis and Characterization of a Size Series of Highly Luminescent Nanocrystallites , 2009 .

[89]  M J Paulus,et al.  High resolution X-ray computed tomography: an emerging tool for small animal cancer research. , 2000, Neoplasia.

[90]  M. Krieger,et al.  Receptor-mediated uptake of low density lipoprotein reconstituted with 25-hydroxycholesteryl oleate suppresses 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and inhibits growth of human fibroblasts. , 1978, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[91]  Yong Zhang,et al.  Biocompatibility of silica coated NaYF(4) upconversion fluorescent nanocrystals. , 2008, Biomaterials.

[92]  F. Marshall,et al.  In vivo molecular and cellular imaging with quantum dots. , 2005, Current opinion in biotechnology.

[93]  Tymish Y. Ohulchanskyy,et al.  Combined Optical and MR Bioimaging Using Rare Earth Ion Doped NaYF4 Nanocrystals , 2009 .

[94]  P. Urizzi,et al.  Internalization of indium‐labeled LDL through a lipid chelating anchor in human pancreatic‐cancer cells as a potential radiopharmaceutical for tumor localization , 1997, International journal of cancer.

[95]  K. Yong.  Mn-doped near-infrared quantum dots as multimodal targeted probes for pancreatic cancer imaging , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[96]  Matthias Epple,et al.  Biological and medical significance of calcium phosphates. , 2002, Angewandte Chemie.

[97]  Sanjiv S. Gambhir,et al.  Dual-Function Probe for PET and Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Tumor Vasculature , 2007, Journal of Nuclear Medicine.

[98]  John-Christopher Boyer,et al.  Synthesis of colloidal upconverting NaYF4: Er3+/Yb3+ and Tm3+/Yb3+ monodisperse nanocrystals. , 2006, Nano letters.

[99]  F. Charbonnier.  Thermal behaviour of two new salts of malonic acid: Cu(C3H2O4)·4H2O and Cu(NH4)2(C3H2O4)2 , 1974 .

[100]  James H. Adair,et al.  Encapsulation of organic molecules in calcium phosphate nanocomposite particles for intracellular imaging and drug delivery. , 2008, Nano letters.

[101]  T. Pons,et al.  Synthesis of Near-Infrared-Emitting, Water-Soluble CdTeSe/CdZnS Core/Shell Quantum Dots , 2009 .

[102]  A. Alivisatos.  Perspectives on the Physical Chemistry of Semiconductor Nanocrystals , 1996 .

[103]  S. Nie,et al.  Quantum-dot-tagged microbeads for multiplexed optical coding of biomolecules , 2001, Nature Biotechnology.

[104]  J. Ying,et al.  Synthesis and Cell‐Imaging Applications of Glutathione‐Capped CdTe Quantum Dots , 2007 .

[105]  Qing Peng,et al.  Fluorescence resonant energy transfer biosensor based on upconversion-luminescent nanoparticles. , 2005, Angewandte Chemie.

[106]  M. Dewhirst,et al.  Hyperthermia enables tumor-specific nanoparticle delivery: effect of particle size. , 2000, Cancer research.

[107]  James H. Adair,et al.  Calcium phosphate nanocomposite particles for in vitro imaging and encapsulated chemotherapeutic drug delivery to cancer cells. , 2008, Nano letters.

[108]  Kian Meng Lim,et al.  NIR-to-visible upconversion nanoparticles for fluorescent labeling and targeted delivery of siRNA , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[109]  Byung-Ryool Hyun,et al.  Near-infrared fluorescence imaging with water-soluble lead salt quantum dots. , 2007, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[110]  Tristan Barrett,et al.  Multimodal nanoprobes for radionuclide and five-color near-infrared optical lymphatic imaging. , 2007, ACS nano.

[111]  A. Seiyama,et al.  Molecular Sciences Preparation and Characterization of Highly Fluorescent, Glutathione-coated near Infrared Quantum Dots for in Vivo Fluorescence Imaging , 2022 .

[112]  Hong Zhang,et al.  Upconversion luminescence of β-NaYF4: Yb3+, Er3+@β-NaYF4 core/shell nanoparticles: Excitation power density and surface dependence , 2009 .

[113]  D. Xiao,et al.  Photostable luminescent nanoparticles as biological label for cell recognition of system lupus erythematosus patients. , 2002, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[114]  Klaas Nicolay,et al.  Magnetic quantum dots for multimodal imaging. , 2009, Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology.

[115]  Wenjun Yang,et al.  Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Application of Size-Controlled Nanocrystalline NaYF4:Yb,Er Infrared-to-Visible Up-Conversion Phosphors , 2004 .

[116]  Shan Jiang,et al.  Multicolor Core/Shell‐Structured Upconversion Fluorescent Nanoparticles , 2008 .

[117]  Louis A. Cuccia,et al.  Synthesis, Characterization, and Spectroscopy of NaGdF4: Ce3+, Tb3+/NaYF4 Core/Shell Nanoparticles , 2007 .

[118]  S. Gambhir,et al.  Noninvasive molecular imaging of small living subjects using Raman spectroscopy , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[119]  James H. Adair,et al.  Near-infrared emitting fluorophore-doped calcium phosphate nanoparticles for in vivo imaging of human breast cancer. , 2008, ACS nano.

[120]  D. Bumann,et al.  Whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) for diagnosis of residual mass in patients with lymphoma. , 1997, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[121]  S. Nie,et al.  Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection. , 1998, Science.

[122]  Louis A. Cuccia,et al.  Synthesis of colloidal upconverting NaYF4 nanocrystals doped with Er3+, Yb3+ and Tm3+, Yb3+ via thermal decomposition of lanthanide trifluoroacetate precursors. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[123]  David L. Schwartz,et al.  Imaging Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression In vivo: Pharmacokinetic and Biodistribution Characterization of a Bioconjugated Quantum Dot Nanoprobe , 2008, Clinical Cancer Research.

[124]  Taylor Murray,et al.  Cancer statistics, 2000 , 2000, CA: a cancer journal for clinicians.

[125]  Haishan Zeng,et al.  Real‐time endoscopic fluorescence imaging for early cancer detection in the gastrointestinal tract , 1998 .

[126]  W. Soboyejo,et al.  Biofunctionalization, cytotoxicity, and cell uptake of lanthanide doped hydrophobically ligated NaYF4 upconversion nanophosphors , 2008 .

[127]  James H. Adair,et al.  Photophysics of Cy3-encapsulated calcium phosphate nanoparticles. , 2009, Nano letters.

[128]  Ian D. Williams,et al.  Controlled hydrothermal growth and up-conversion emission of NaLnF(4) (Ln = Y, Dy-Yb). , 2007, Inorganic Chemistry.

[129]  V. Chernomordik,et al.  Real time in vivo non-invasive optical imaging using near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots1 , 2005 .

[130]  Wei Chen,et al.  Real time in vivo non-invasive optical imaging using near-infrared fluorescent quantum dots. , 2005, Academic radiology.

[131]  Claudia Calcagno,et al.  Nanocrystal core high-density lipoproteins: a multimodality contrast agent platform. , 2008, Nano letters.

[132]  C. Batich,et al.  Folate conjugated fluorescent silica nanoparticles for labeling neoplastic cells. , 2005, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology.

[133]  Chin-Tu Chen,et al.  Near‐Infrared Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Optical Imaging: Characterization and In Vivo Biodistribution , 2009 .

[134]  Shuming Nie,et al.  Alloyed semiconductor quantum dots: tuning the optical properties without changing the particle size. , 2003, Journal of the American Chemical Society.