Stridor in multiple system atrophy Consensus statement on diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a combination of autonomic failure, cerebellar ataxia, and parkinsonism. Laryngeal stridor is an additional feature for MSA diagnosis, showing a high diagnostic positive predictive value, and its early occurrence might contribute to shorten survival. A consensus de fi nition of stridor in MSA is lacking, and disagreement persists about its diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. An International Consensus Conference among experts with methodological support was convened in Bologna in 2017 to de fi ne stridor in MSA and to reach consensus statements for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Stridor was de fi ned as a strained,

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