Distributed optimisation in dynamic wireless sensor networks

Over the past decade, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have evolved into a hot interdisciplinary research area. WSNs are generally considered to be statically deployed, but in reality they are dynamic in nature due to a variety of characteristics including fluctuating wireless link quality and clock drift. Furthermore, new WSN topologies and applications have introduced more dynamics, such as time-varying power resources, data traffic patterns, and mobile sensing. These dynamics pose challenges to the theoretical understanding of WSN behaviours and the design of practical algorithms. This thesis investigates distributed network optimisation in three types of dynamic WSNs: WSNs powered by time-varying solar energy, WSNs with fluctuating wireless channel quality, and WSNs with mobile relays and mobile sinks. In distributed optimisation, sensor nodes communicate with each other to collaboratively solve the overall network optimisation problem. Realistic models are established for these dynamic WSNs, and efficient distributed algorithms are developed to optimise network performance, including power management, duty cycling, wireless link scheduling, data routing and forwarding, sensing rate control, and network resource allocation and pricing. Considering the limited capacity of typical sensor nodes, this thesis also aims to understand and balance the tradeoff between system performance and complexity, bridging the gap between optimisation theory and practical algorithm design in dynamic WSNs. The proposed algorithms are shown to outperform state-of-the-art schemes through theoretical analysis, simulations, and real testbed experiments. The work presented in this thesis should be of interest to researchers in the areas of general embedded networked systems and wireless networks. It should also prove useful in emerging research areas including the Internet of Things (IoTs), Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), and Information and Communications Technology (ICT) for smart sustainable cites.

[1]  Michalis Faloutsos,et al.  A Cross-Layer Framework for Exploiting Virtual MISO Links in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[2]  Bhaskar Krishnamachari,et al.  Routing without routes: the backpressure collection protocol , 2010, IPSN '10.

[3]  R. Srikant,et al.  Asymptotically Optimal Energy-Aware Routing for Multihop Wireless Networks With Renewable Energy Sources , 2007, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[4]  Duncan J. Watts,et al.  Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’ networks , 1998, Nature.

[5]  Vilfredo Pareto,et al.  Manuale di economia politica , 1965 .

[6]  Dina Katabi,et al.  SourceSync: a distributed wireless architecture for exploiting sender diversity , 2010, SIGCOMM '10.

[7]  Sarma B. K. Vrudhula,et al.  Battery Modeling for Energy-Aware System Design , 2003, Computer.

[8]  Albert,et al.  Emergence of scaling in random networks , 1999, Science.

[9]  Soura Dasgupta,et al.  Fully wireless implementation of distributed beamforming on a software-defined radio platform , 2012, 2012 ACM/IEEE 11th International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (IPSN).

[10]  Peter I. Corke,et al.  Data muling over underwater wireless sensor networks using an autonomous underwater vehicle , 2006, Proceedings 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 2006. ICRA 2006..

[11]  Hwee Pink Tan,et al.  Opportunistic routing in wireless sensor networks powered by ambient energy harvesting , 2010, Comput. Networks.

[12]  Ashutosh Sabharwal,et al.  An Axiomatic Theory of Fairness in Network Resource Allocation , 2009, 2010 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[13]  Mohan Kumar,et al.  Opportunities in Opportunistic Computing , 2010, Computer.

[14]  Eytan Modiano,et al.  Optimal Control of Wireless Networks with Finite Buffers , 2010, 2010 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[15]  Kin K. Leung,et al.  Relay-Assisted Transmission with Fairness Constraint for Cellular Networks , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[16]  Fulu Li,et al.  Cooperative multicast in wireless networks , 2005 .

[17]  Marco Conti,et al.  From opportunistic networks to opportunistic computing , 2010, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[18]  Joohwan Kim,et al.  Minimizing Delay and Maximizing Lifetime for Wireless Sensor Networks With Anycast , 2010, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[19]  Yi Shi,et al.  Rate Allocation and Network Lifetime Problems for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2008, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[20]  Ness B. Shroff,et al.  Understanding the Capacity Region of the Greedy Maximal Scheduling Algorithm in Multihop Wireless Networks , 2008, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[21]  Theodore S. Rappaport,et al.  Wireless communications - principles and practice , 1996 .

[22]  David Starobinski,et al.  Rateless Deluge: Over-the-Air Programming of Wireless Sensor Networks Using Random Linear Codes , 2008, 2008 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (ipsn 2008).

[23]  Julien Penders,et al.  Energy Harvesting for Autonomous Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010, IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine.

[24]  Pan Hui,et al.  Distributed community detection in delay tolerant networks , 2007, MobiArch '07.

[25]  Shusen Yang,et al.  A greedy-based stable multi-path routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks , 2011, Ad Hoc Networks.

[26]  Qinghua Li,et al.  Social-Aware Multicast in Disruption-Tolerant Networks , 2012, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[27]  Longbo Huang,et al.  Delay reduction via Lagrange multipliers in stochastic network optimization , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[28]  Rajashekhar C. Biradar,et al.  A survey on routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2012, 2012 18th IEEE International Conference on Networks (ICON).

[29]  Aravind Srinivasan,et al.  Cross-layer latency minimization in wireless networks with SINR constraints , 2007, MobiHoc '07.

[30]  Cecilia Mascolo,et al.  WILDSENSING , 2012, ACM Trans. Sens. Networks.

[31]  Wenjing Lou,et al.  Energy aware efficient geographic routing in lossy wireless sensor networks with environmental energy supply , 2009, Wirel. Networks.

[32]  Prithwish Basu,et al.  Analysis of Latency of Stateless Opportunistic Forwarding in Intermittently Connected Networks , 2011, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[33]  Dimitri P. Bertsekas,et al.  Nonlinear Programming , 1997 .

[34]  Junshan Zhang,et al.  Joint Clustering and Optimal Cooperative Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[35]  Dusit Niyato,et al.  Competitive Pricing for Spectrum Sharing in Cognitive Radio Networks: Dynamic Game, Inefficiency of Nash Equilibrium, and Collusion , 2008, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[36]  Lida Xu,et al.  The internet of things: a survey , 2014, Information Systems Frontiers.

[37]  Leonidas J. Guibas,et al.  Composable Information Gradients in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2008, 2008 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (ipsn 2008).

[38]  By Radha Poovendran.  Cyber – Physical Systems : Close Encounters Between Two Parallel Worlds , 2010 .

[39]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  Simultaneous routing and resource allocation via dual decomposition , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[40]  Philip Levis,et al.  Collection tree protocol , 2009, SenSys '09.

[41]  Pan Hui,et al.  BUBBLE Rap: Social-Based Forwarding in Delay-Tolerant Networks , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[42]  Mario Di Francesco,et al.  Energy conservation in wireless sensor networks: A survey , 2009, Ad Hoc Networks.

[43]  Evangelos D. Spyrou,et al.  Using social network theory for modeling human mobility , 2010, IEEE Network.

[44]  Lei Ying,et al.  On Combining Shortest-Path and Back-Pressure Routing Over Multihop Wireless Networks , 2011, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[45]  Stephen P. Boyd,et al.  Convex Optimization , 2004, Algorithms and Theory of Computation Handbook.

[46]  Norman C. Beaulieu,et al.  Cross-Layer Design for Multihop Wireless Relaying Networks , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[47]  Jean-Yves Le Boudec,et al.  A Unified Framework for Max-Min and Min-Max Fairness With Applications , 2007, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[48]  Johan A. K. Suykens,et al.  Application of a Smoothing Technique to Decomposition in Convex Optimization , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[49]  Leana Golubchik,et al.  Utility optimization for dynamic peer-to-peer networks with tit-for-tat constraints , 2011, 2011 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[50]  Shusen Yang,et al.  HLLS: A History Information Based Light Location Service for MANETs , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[51]  Mo Li,et al.  Ubiquitous data collection for mobile users in wireless sensor networks , 2011, 2011 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[52]  Prasun Sinha,et al.  Steady and fair rate allocation for rechargeable sensors in perpetual sensor networks , 2008, SenSys '08.

[53]  Gregory W. Wornell,et al.  Cooperative diversity in wireless networks: Efficient protocols and outage behavior , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[54]  Athanasios V. Vasilakos,et al.  Backpressure-based routing protocol for DTNs , 2010, SIGCOMM '10.

[55]  Radha Poovendran,et al.  Cyber-Physical Systems: Close Encounters Between Two Parallel Worlds [Point of View] , 2010, Proc. IEEE.

[56]  Prasun Sinha,et al.  Perpetual and Fair Data Collection for Environmental Energy Harvesting Sensor Networks , 2011, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[57]  Ronaldo M. Salles,et al.  Lexicographic maximin optimisation for fair bandwidth allocation in computer networks , 2008, Eur. J. Oper. Res..

[58]  Yuguang Fang,et al.  Lexicographic Maxmin Fairness for Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[59]  Shusen Yang,et al.  Selfish Mules: Social Profit Maximization in Sparse Sensornets using Rationally-Selfish Human Relays , 2013, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[60]  Qinghua Li,et al.  Routing in Socially Selfish Delay Tolerant Networks , 2010, 2010 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[61]  Sanjay Shakkottai,et al.  Back-pressure routing and rate control for ICNs , 2010, MobiCom '10.

[62]  Cesare Alippi,et al.  An Adaptive System for Optimal Solar Energy Harvesting in Wireless Sensor Network Nodes , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers.

[63]  R. Durrett.  Probability: Theory and Examples , 1993 .

[64]  Shusen Yang,et al.  A Cross-Layer Approach Handling Link Asymmetry for Wireless Mesh Access Networks , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[65]  Hwee Pink Tan,et al.  Design and performance analysis of MAC schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting , 2011, Ad Hoc Networks.

[66]  Christophe Diot,et al.  Impact of Human Mobility on Opportunistic Forwarding Algorithms , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[67]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Wireless multimedia sensor networks: A survey , 2007, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[68]  Vincent W. S. Wong,et al.  Lexicographically Optimal Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks With Multiple Sinks , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology.

[69]  Philip Levis,et al.  Whirlpool routing for mobility , 2010, MobiHoc '10.

[70]  H. Vincent Poor,et al.  Collaborative beamforming for distributed wireless ad hoc sensor networks , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing.

[71]  Hosung Park,et al.  What is Twitter, a social network or a news media? , 2010, WWW '10.

[72]  Michael J. Neely,et al.  Universal scheduling for networks with arbitrary traffic, channels, and mobility , 2010, 49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[73]  K. Schittkowski,et al.  NONLINEAR PROGRAMMING , 2022 .

[74]  Mung Chiang,et al.  Stochastic network utility maximisation - a tribute to Kelly's paper published in this journal a decade ago , 2008, Eur. Trans. Telecommun..

[75]  Gregory M. P. O'Hare,et al.  How Smart Is Your City? , 2012, Science.

[76]  Hyung Seok Kim,et al.  Minimum-energy asynchronous dissemination to mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks , 2003, SenSys '03.

[77]  Michael D. Lemmon,et al.  Event-triggered distributed optimization in sensor networks , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.

[78]  Kin K. Leung,et al.  Cooperative wireless networks: from radio to network protocol designs , 2013, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[79]  Michael J. Neely,et al.  Dynamic power allocation and routing for satellite and wireless networks with time varying channels , 2003 .

[80]  Kenneth N. Brown,et al.  Analysis of smartphone user mobility traces for opportunistic data collection in wireless sensor networks , 2013, Pervasive Mob. Comput..

[81]  Santo Fortunato,et al.  Community detection in graphs , 2009, ArXiv.

[82]  Bhaskar Krishnamachari,et al.  LIFO-Backpressure Achieves Near-Optimal Utility-Delay Tradeoff , 2010, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[83]  Philip Levis,et al.  RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks , 2012, RFC.

[84]  Ramesh Govindan,et al.  Interference-aware fair rate control in wireless sensor networks , 2006, SIGCOMM.

[85]  Gil Zussman,et al.  Networking Low-Power Energy Harvesting Devices: Measurements and Algorithms , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[86]  Pan Hui,et al.  Impact of Human Mobility on the Design of Opportunistic Forwarding Algorithms , 2006, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2006. 25TH IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.

[87]  Sudharman K. Jayaweera,et al.  Virtual MIMO-based cooperative communication for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[88]  Leandros Tassiulas,et al.  Resource Allocation and Cross-Layer Control in Wireless Networks , 2006, Found. Trends Netw..

[89]  Bhaskar Krishnamachari,et al.  Explicit and precise rate control for wireless sensor networks , 2009, SenSys '09.

[90]  Matt Welsh,et al.  IDEA: integrated distributed energy awareness for wireless sensor networks , 2010, MobiSys '10.

[91]  Michael J. Neely.  Optimal pricing in a free market wireless network , 2007, IEEE INFOCOM 2007 - 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.

[92]  Frank Kelly,et al.  Charging and rate control for elastic traffic , 1997, Eur. Trans. Telecommun..

[93]  D. Cox.  Prediction by Exponentially Weighted Moving Averages and Related Methods , 1961 .

[94]  Mihaela Cardei,et al.  Improved sensor network lifetime with multiple mobile sinks , 2009, Pervasive Mob. Comput..

[95]  Alexander L. Stolyar,et al.  Joint Scheduling and Congestion Control in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks , 2008, IEEE INFOCOM 2008 - The 27th Conference on Computer Communications.

[96]  Aria Nosratinia,et al.  Cooperative communication in wireless networks , 2004, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[97]  Yiwei Thomas Hou,et al.  Bridging the Gap between Protocol and Physical Models for Wireless Networks , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[98]  T. Vicsek,et al.  Uncovering the overlapping community structure of complex networks in nature and society , 2005, Nature.

[99]  Leonidas J. Guibas,et al.  Predictive QoS routing to mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.

[100]  Daniel Pérez Palomar,et al.  A tutorial on decomposition methods for network utility maximization , 2006, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[101]  Guohong Cao,et al.  User-centric data dissemination in disruption tolerant networks , 2011, 2011 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[102]  David K. Y. Yau,et al.  Incentive and Service Differentiation in P2P Networks: A Game Theoretic Approach , 2006, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[103]  Leandros Tassiulas,et al.  Stability properties of constrained queueing systems and scheduling policies for maximum throughput in multihop radio networks , 1992 .

[104]  Mung Chiang,et al.  Cross-Layer Congestion Control, Routing and Scheduling Design in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks , 2006, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2006. 25TH IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.

[105]  Xiaodong Lin,et al.  Pi: A practical incentive protocol for delay tolerant networks , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[106]  Randall Berry,et al.  Throughput Optimal Control of Cooperative Relay Networks , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory.

[107]  Albert-László Barabási,et al.  Understanding individual human mobility patterns , 2008, Nature.

[108]  Raghupathy Sivakumar,et al.  Diversity Routing for Multi-hop Wireless Networks with Cooperative Transmissions , 2009, 2009 6th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks.

[109]  Robert Tappan Morris,et al.  a high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing , 2003, MobiCom '03.

[110]  Michael J. Neely,et al.  Optimal Backpressure Routing for Wireless Networks with Multi-Receiver Diversity , 2006, 2006 40th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems.

[111]  Berç Rustem,et al.  Semi-Infinite Programming and Applications to Minimax Problems , 2003, Ann. Oper. Res..

[112]  Andreas Terzis,et al.  Using mobile robots to harvest data from sensor fields , 2009, IEEE Wireless Communications.

[113]  Gene H. Golub,et al.  Algorithms for Computing the Sample Variance: Analysis and Recommendations , 1983 .

[114]  Jenna Burrell,et al.  Vineyard computing: sensor networks in agricultural production , 2004, IEEE Pervasive Computing.

[115]  A. Robert Calderbank,et al.  Layering as Optimization Decomposition: A Mathematical Theory of Network Architectures , 2007, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[116]  Jean-Yves Le Boudec,et al.  Perfect simulation and stationarity of a class of mobility models , 2005, Proceedings IEEE 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies..

[117]  Donald F. Towsley,et al.  Asymptotic connectivity properties of cooperative wireless ad hoc networks , 2009, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[118]  Mung Chiang,et al.  Multiresource allocation: fairness-efficiency tradeoffs in a unifying framework , 2013, TNET.

[119]  Mung Chiang,et al.  Nonconvex Optimization for Communication Systems , 2006 .

[120]  Alexandros G. Dimakis,et al.  Efficient Algorithms for Renewable Energy Allocation to Delay Tolerant Consumers , 2010, 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications.

[121]  Julie A. McCann,et al.  YA-MAC: Handling unified unicast and broadcast traffic in Multi-hop Wireless Sensor Networks , 2011, 2011 International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems and Workshops (DCOSS).

[122]  Kathryn Fraughnaugh,et al.  Introduction to graph theory , 1973, Mathematical Gazette.

[123]  Luca Benini,et al.  Adaptive Power Management for Environmentally Powered Systems , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[124]  Donald F. Towsley,et al.  Study of a bus-based disruption-tolerant network: mobility modeling and impact on routing , 2007, MobiCom '07.

[125]  Lei Ying,et al.  Back-Pressure Routing for Intermittently Connected Networks , 2010, 2010 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[126]  John S. Heidemann,et al.  Data muling with mobile phones for sensornets , 2011, SenSys.

[127]  Sajal K. Das,et al.  Data Collection in Wireless Sensor Networks with Mobile Elements: A Survey , 2011, TOSN.

[128]  L. Freeman.  Centrality in social networks conceptual clarification , 1978 .

[129]  Justin Yackoski,et al.  Networking with cooperative communications: Holistic design and realistic evaluation , 2009, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[130]  Tat-Ming Lok,et al.  Cooperative Transmission in a Wireless Relay Network Based on Flow Management , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Communications.

[131]  Nilesh Patel,et al.  A Sensor Network System for Measuring Traffic in Short-Term Construction Work Zones , 2009, DCOSS.

[132]  Ossama Younis,et al.  Energy-Efficient Clustering/Routing for Cooperative MIMO Operation in Sensor Networks , 2009, IEEE INFOCOM 2009.

[133]  Elza Erkip,et al.  User cooperation diversity. Part I. System description , 2003, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[134]  Benjamin Hindman,et al.  Dominant Resource Fairness: Fair Allocation of Multiple Resource Types , 2011, NSDI.

[135]  Ekram Hossain,et al.  Cross-layer optimization frameworks for multihop wireless networks using cooperative diversity , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[136]  Hanif D. Sherali,et al.  Cooperative Communications in Multi-hop Wireless Networks: Joint Flow Routing and Relay Node Assignment , 2010, 2010 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[137]  A.R. Sharafat,et al.  Pareto-Efficient and Goal-Driven Power Control in Wireless Networks: A Game-Theoretic Approach With a Novel Pricing Scheme , 2009, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[138]  Alexandre Proutière,et al.  Complexity in wireless scheduling: impact and tradeoffs , 2008, MobiHoc '08.

[139]  Fikret Sivrikaya,et al.  Time synchronization in sensor networks: a survey , 2004, IEEE Network.

[140]  Arif Quraishi,et al.  How Smart is Your City? , 2011 .

[141]  Xiang-Yang Li,et al.  Efficient interference-aware TDMA link scheduling for static wireless networks , 2006, MobiCom '06.

[142]  Jean C. Walrand,et al.  Fair end-to-end window-based congestion control , 2000, TNET.

[143]  Viktor K. Prasanna,et al.  Energy Minimization for Real-Time Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[144]  Rekha Jain,et al.  Wireless Sensor Network -A Survey , 2013 .

[145]  Mani B. Srivastava,et al.  Power management in energy harvesting sensor networks , 2007, TECS.

[146]  Prasun Sinha,et al.  Joint Energy Management and Resource Allocation in Rechargeable Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[147]  Purushottam Kulkarni,et al.  Energy Harvesting Sensor Nodes: Survey and Implications , 2011, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[148]  Shusen Yang,et al.  On an Efficient Estimation of Available Bandwidth for IEEE 802.11-Based Wireless Networks , 2011, 2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference - GLOBECOM 2011.

[149]  Dritan Nace,et al.  Max-min fairness and its applications to routing and load-balancing in communication networks: a tutorial , 2008, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[150]  Kevin R. Fall,et al.  A delay-tolerant network architecture for challenged internets , 2003, SIGCOMM '03.

[151]  Thomas F. La Porta,et al.  On Exploiting Transient Social Contact Patterns for Data Forwarding in Delay-Tolerant Networks , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[152]  Weihua Zhuang,et al.  Distributed cooperative MAC for multihop wireless networks , 2009, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[153]  Eytan Modiano,et al.  Dynamic power allocation and routing for time-varying wireless networks , 2005 .

[154]  Jasbir S. Arora,et al.  Survey of multi-objective optimization methods for engineering , 2004 .

[155]  Jean-Yves Le Boudec,et al.  Power Law and Exponential Decay of Intercontact Times between Mobile Devices , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[156]  Bhaskar Krishnamachari,et al.  Backpressure with Adaptive Redundancy (BWAR) , 2012, 2012 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[157]  Rui Zhang,et al.  TwinRoute: Energy-Efficient Data Collection in Fixed Sensor Networks with Mobile Sinks , 2009, 2009 Tenth International Conference on Mobile Data Management: Systems, Services and Middleware.

[158]  Andreas F. Molisch,et al.  Energy-Efficient Decentralized Cooperative Routing in Wireless Networks , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control.

[159]  Ahmed Helmy,et al.  Modeling Time-Variant User Mobility in Wireless Mobile Networks , 2007, IEEE INFOCOM 2007 - 26th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.

[160]  Ritesh Madan,et al.  Distributed algorithms for maximum lifetime routing in wireless sensor networks , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

[161]  François Ingelrest,et al.  SensorScope: Out-of-the-Box Environmental Monitoring , 2008, 2008 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (ipsn 2008).

[162]  Alex Pentland,et al.  Reality mining: sensing complex social systems , 2006, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing.

[163]  David Atienza,et al.  Prediction and management in energy harvested wireless sensor nodes , 2009, 2009 1st International Conference on Wireless Communication, Vehicular Technology, Information Theory and Aerospace & Electronic Systems Technology.

[164]  David E. Culler,et al.  TOSSIM: accurate and scalable simulation of entire TinyOS applications , 2003, SenSys '03.

[165]  Mani B. Srivastava,et al.  Design considerations for solar energy harvesting wireless embedded systems , 2005, IPSN 2005. Fourth International Symposium on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, 2005..

[166]  Eylem Ekici,et al.  Delay-Aware Cross-Layer Design for Network Utility Maximization in Multi-Hop Networks , 2011, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[167]  Roger Wattenhofer,et al.  Gradient clock synchronization in wireless sensor networks , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks.

[168]  Shivakant Mishra,et al.  CenWits: a sensor-based loosely coupled search and rescue system using witnesses , 2005, SenSys '05.

[169]  Hayder Radha,et al.  Reducing Packet Losses in Networks of Commodity IEEE 802.15.4 Sensor Motes Using Cooperative Communication and Diversity Combination , 2009, IEEE INFOCOM 2009.

[170]  Yin Zhang,et al.  Incentive-aware routing in DTNs , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols.

[171]  Leonidas J. Guibas,et al.  Data stashing: energy-efficient information delivery to mobile sinks through trajectory prediction , 2010, IPSN '10.

[172]  Krishna P. Gummadi,et al.  Measurement and analysis of online social networks , 2007, IMC '07.

[173]  R. Srikant,et al.  Asynchronous Congestion Control in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks With Maximal Matching-Based Scheduling , 2008, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[174]  Hans Schaffers,et al.  Smart Cities and the Future Internet: Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation , 2011, Future Internet Assembly.

[175]  Luca Benini,et al.  Comparison of energy intake prediction algorithms for systems powered by photovoltaic harvesters , 2010, Microelectron. J..

[176]  Frank Kelly,et al.  Rate control for communication networks: shadow prices, proportional fairness and stability , 1998, J. Oper. Res. Soc..

[177]  Ness B. Shroff,et al.  Finite-horizon energy allocation and routing scheme in rechargeable sensor networks , 2011, 2011 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[178]  Lang Tong,et al.  Cooperative routing for distributed detection in large sensor networks , 2007, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.