Clinical variation in foot and mouth disease: sheep and goats.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) in adult sheep and goats is frequently mild or unapparent, but can cause high mortality in young animals. The recent outbreak of FMD in the United Kingdom has highlighted the importance of sheep in the epidemiology of the disease, although there have been numerous examples in the past where small ruminants have been responsible for the introduction of FMD into previously disease-free countries. The difficulty in making a clinical diagnosis should encourage the development of more rapid screening tests to assist in future control programmes.

[1]  T Mikkelsen,et al.  Relative risks of the uncontrollable (airborne) spread of FMD by different species , 2001, Veterinary Record.

[2]  Christl A. Donnelly,et al.  Transmission intensity and impact of control policies on the foot and mouth epidemic in Great Britain , 2001, Nature.

[3]  R. Kitching,et al.  Foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of sheep: implications for diagnosis and control , 2002, The Veterinary Record.

[4]  R. Kitching.  Identification of foot and mouth disease virus carrier and subclinically infected animals and differentiation from vaccinated animals. , 2002, Revue scientifique et technique.

[5]  A. Donaldson,et al.  Natural adaption to pigs of a Taiwanese isolate of foot-and-mouth disease virus , 1997, Veterinary Record.

[6]  S. Reid,et al.  Development of a rapid chromatographic strip test for the pen-side detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus antigen. , 2001, Journal of virological methods.

[7]  W. A. Geering.  FOOT‐AND‐MOUTH DISEASE IN SHEEP , 1967 .

[8]  R. Kitching,et al.  Outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in the UK caused by a pandemic strain. , 2001, The Veterinary record.

[9]  Watson Pj,et al.  Idiopathic mouth ulcers in sheep. , 2001 .

[10]  R. Kitching,et al.  Rapid correlation between field isolates and vaccine strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus. , 1988, Vaccine.

[11]  R. Sellers,et al.  Further investigations on the airborne excretion of foot-and-mouth disease virus , 1970, Epidemiology and Infection.

[12]  P. Kitching,et al.  Pen-side test for investigating FMD. , 2001, The Veterinary record.

[13]  J. Salt,et al.  Emergency vaccination of sheep against foot-and-mouth disease: protection against disease and reduction in contact transmission. , 1998, Vaccine.

[14]  A. Donaldson,et al.  Exposure of sheep to natural aerosols of foot-and-mouth disease virus. , 1986, Research in veterinary science.

[15]  W. B.,et al.  Foot and mouth disease. , 2002, Research in veterinary science.

[16]  J Gloster,et al.  Use of prediction models to forecast and analyse airborne spread during the foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in Brittany, Jersey and the Isle of Wight in 1981 , 1982, Veterinary Record.

[17]  S. Reid,et al.  Primary diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. , 2000, Journal of virological methods.