Promotion of intramuscular fat accumulation in porcine muscle by nutritional regulation.

Recently, pork with marbling has received attention as good quality pork and scientists are required to develop methods to produce pork with reasonable amounts of intramuscular fat (IMF). The aim of this review is to describe studies relevant to promotion of IMF accumulation in porcine muscle by nutritional regulation. The main focus is on effect of dietary lysine levels. First, we found dietary low lysine up-regulated glucose transporter protein 4 messenger (m)RNA expression in Longissimus dorsi (L. dorsi) and Rhomboideus muscles. In addition, the proportion of oxidative fiber of both muscles was also enhanced by dietary low lysine. Because it has been observed that higher oxidative capacity is associated with higher IMF content, we hypothesized that dietary low lysine would promote IMF accumulation. Further, higher mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, a master regulator of adipogenesis, in both muscles induced by dietary low lysine, supported this hypothesis. Indeed, IMF content of L. dorsi muscle of finishing pigs given a low lysine diet for 2 months until reaching the market weight was twice that of pigs given a control diet. Possible underlying mechanisms of IMF accumulation in porcine muscle and future perspectives are also discussed in this review.

[1]  貴文 後藤,et al.  Comparative Study on the Regional Composition of Fiber Types in M. Longissimus Thoracis with Different Marbling Scores for Japanese Black Steers , 1994 .

[2]  Defa Li,et al.  CLA differently regulates adipogenesis in stromal vascular cells from porcine subcutaneous adipose and skeletal muscle Published, JLR Papers in Press, May 11, 2007. , 2007, Journal of Lipid Research.

[3]  M. Matsumoto,et al.  Reduced dietary lysine enhances proportion of oxidative fibers in porcine skeletal muscle , 2008 .

[4]  Guoyao Wu,et al.  Dietary l-arginine supplementation increases muscle gain and reduces body fat mass in growing-finishing pigs , 2009, Amino Acids.

[5]  C. Torrance,et al.  Effects of thyroid hormone on GLUT4 glucose transporter gene expression and NIDDM in rats. , 1997, Endocrinology.

[6]  H. V. Gelder.  The Netherlands , 2004, Constitutions of Europe (2 vols.).

[7]  D. Baker,et al.  Effect of dietary leucine and lysine levels on intramuscular fat content in finishing pigs , 2007 .

[8]  B. Spiegelman,et al.  Stimulation of adipogenesis in fibroblasts by PPARγ2, a lipid-activated transcription factor , 1994, Cell.

[9]  M. Rudnicki,et al.  Muscle satellite cells are multipotential stem cells that exhibit myogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic differentiation. , 2001, Differentiation; research in biological diversity.

[10]  D. Baker,et al.  Effect of dietary leucine level on growth performance, and carcass and meat quality in finishing pigs , 2003 .

[11]  V. Mootha,et al.  Mechanisms Controlling Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Respiration through the Thermogenic Coactivator PGC-1 , 1999, Cell.

[12]  K. Chikuni,et al.  Growth arrest by octanoate is required for porcine preadipocyte differentiation. , 2003, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[13]  M. Smriga,et al.  Diet supplied with L-lysine and L-arginine during chronic stress of high stock density normalizes growth of broilers , 2004 .

[14]  D. Xia,et al.  Sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 expression and genetic polymorphism significantly affect intramuscular fat deposition in the longissimus muscle of Erhualian and Sutai pigs. , 2008, Journal of animal science.

[15]  F. C. Parrish,et al.  Duration of feeding conjugated linoleic acid influences growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of finishing barrows. , 2002, Journal of animal science.

[16]  B. Schreiber,et al.  PPARgamma2 regulates lipogenesis and lipid accumulation in steatotic hepatocytes. , 2005, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[17]  Keiichi Suzuki,et al.  A combination of octanoate and oleate promotes in vitro differentiation of porcine intramuscular adipocytes. , 2008, Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology.

[18]  M. Furuse,et al.  The impact of taurine- and beta-alanine-supplemented diets on behavioral and neurochemical parameters in mice: antidepressant versus anxiolytic-like effects , 2010, Amino Acids.

[19]  G. Butler,et al.  Performance, carcass and pork characteristics of castrates and gilts self-fed diets differing in protein content and lysine:energy ratio , 1994 .

[20]  M. J. Dauncey,et al.  Differential regulation of porcine hepatic IGF-I mRNA expression and plasma IGF-I concentration by a low lysine diet. , 2002, The Journal of nutrition.

[21]  E. Richter,et al.  Fiber type-specific expression of GLUT4 in human skeletal muscle: influence of exercise training. , 2000, Diabetes.

[22]  W. Hendriks,et al.  The influence of diets supplemented with conjugated linoleic acid, selenium, and vitamin E, with or without animal protein, on the composition of pork from female pigs. , 2008, Journal of animal science.

[23]  J. Horton.  Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins: transcriptional activators of lipid synthesis. , 2001, Biochemical Society transactions.

[24]  B. Kerr,et al.  Effect on performance and carcass characteristics of nursery to finisher pigs fed reduced crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets. , 1995, Journal of animal science.

[25]  T. R. Carr,et al.  Variation in composition and palatability traits and relationships between muscle characteristics and palatability in a random sample of pork carcasses. , 1988 .

[26]  C. Brodie.  Regulation by Thyroid Hormones of Glucose Transport in Cultured Rat Myotubes , 1990, Journal of neurochemistry.

[27]  M. Irie,et al.  Effect of protein and lysine levels of eco-feed mainly composed of breadcrumb on performance and meat quality of growing-finishing pig , 2013 .

[28]  S. Mandrup,et al.  Regulating Adipogenesis* , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[29]  Y. Kaji,et al.  Estimation of the true ileal digestibility of amino acids and nitrogen from their apparent values for growing pigs , 1989 .

[30]  B. Spiegelman,et al.  mPPAR gamma 2: tissue-specific regulator of an adipocyte enhancer. , 1994, Genes & development.

[31]  P. Puigserver,et al.  A Cold-Inducible Coactivator of Nuclear Receptors Linked to Adaptive Thermogenesis , 1998, Cell.

[32]  R. Takada,et al.  Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 and associated binding proteins in plasma and mRNA expression in tissues of growing pigs on a low threonine diet , 2004 .

[33]  M. Yayota,et al.  Effect of Energy and Protein Restriction during Nursing Period on Intramuscular Fat Accumulation in Finishing Pigs , 2007 .

[34]  S. Eilert,et al.  Pork characteristics as affected by two populations of swine and six crude protein levels. , 1995, Journal of animal science.

[35]  M. J. Dauncey,et al.  Suboptimal energy balance selectively up‐regulates muscle GLUT gene expression but reduces insulin‐dependent glucose uptake during postnatal development , 1999, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[36]  G. W. Davis,et al.  Relationships between pork loin palatability traits and physical characteristics of cooked chops. , 1991, Journal of animal science.

[37]  J. Hocquette,et al.  The relationship between muscle metabolic pathways and marbling of beef. , 2003 .

[38]  Y. C. Lin,et al.  Conjugated linoleic acid differentially regulates fat deposition in backfat and longissimus muscle of finishing pigs. , 2010, Journal of animal science.

[39]  R. G. Kauffman,et al.  Cellular and enzymatic changes with animal growth in porcine intramuscular adipose tissue. , 1974, Journal of animal science.

[40]  M. Irie,et al.  Effects of Breadcrumbs on Growth Performance and Meat Quality in Pig , 2005 .

[41]  L. Lefaucheur,et al.  Number of intramuscular adipocytes and fatty acid binding protein-4 content are significant indicators of intramuscular fat level in crossbred Large White x Duroc pigs. , 2006, Journal of animal science.

[42]  A. Halseth,et al.  Adaptive responses of GLUT-4 and citrate synthase in fast-twitch muscle of voluntary running rats. , 1995, The American journal of physiology.

[43]  K. Nakashima,et al.  Dose-dependent response of intramuscular fat accumulation in longissimus dorsi muscle of finishing pigs to dietary lysine levels , 2012 .

[44]  J. Rivero,et al.  Coordinated expression of myosin heavy chains, metabolic enzymes, and morphological features of porcine skeletal muscle fiber types , 2004, Microscopy research and technique.

[45]  M. J. Dauncey,et al.  Postnatal regulation of myosin heavy chain isoform expression and metabolic enzyme activity by nutrition , 2000, British Journal of Nutrition.

[46]  K. Nakashima,et al.  Effects of Dietary Low Level of Threonine and Lysine on the Accumulation of Intramuscular Fat in Porcine Muscle , 2012, Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry.

[47]  T. Brandebourg,et al.  Isomer-specific regulation of differentiating pig preadipocytes by conjugated linoleic acids. , 2005, Journal of animal science.

[48]  J. Odle,et al.  Conjugated linoleic acid in combination with supplemental dietary fat alters pork fat quality. , 2002, The Journal of nutrition.

[49]  G. Dohm,et al.  Increased glucose transporter (GLUT4) protein expression in hyperthyroidism. , 1990, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[50]  Keiichi Suzuki,et al.  Selection for daily gain, loin-eye area, backfat thickness and intramuscular fat based on desired gains over seven generations of Duroc pigs , 2005 .

[51]  M. Palacín,et al.  Perinatal hypothyroidism impairs the normal transition of GLUT4 and GLUT1 glucose transporters from fetal to neonatal levels in heart and brown adipose tissue. Evidence for tissue-specific regulation of GLUT4 expression by thyroid hormone. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[52]  J. Zierath,et al.  Exercise‐induced overexpression of key regulatory proteins involved in glucose uptake and metabolism in tetraplegic persons: molecular mechanism for improved glucose homeostasis , 1998, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[53]  K. Torii,et al.  Dietary L-lysine deficiency increases stress-induced anxiety and fecal excretion in rats. , 2002, The Journal of nutrition.

[54]  H. Mersmann,et al.  Effects of isomers of conjugated linoleic acid on porcine adipocyte growth and differentiation. , 2003, The Journal of nutritional biochemistry.

[55]  F. Gerbens.  Genetic control of intramuscular fat accretion in pigs : the role of heart and adipocyte fatty acid-binding proteins , 2000 .

[56]  E. Tsuneishi,et al.  Reduced intake of dietary lysine promotes accumulation of intramuscular fat in the Longissimus dorsi muscles of finishing gilts , 2005 .