Detection of heavy metal by paper-based microfluidics.

Heavy metal pollution has shown great threat to the environment and public health worldwide. Current methods for the detection of heavy metals require expensive instrumentation and laborious operation, which can only be accomplished in centralized laboratories. Various microfluidic paper-based analytical devices have been developed recently as simple, cheap and disposable alternatives to conventional ones for on-site detection of heavy metals. In this review, we first summarize current development of paper-based analytical devices and discuss the selection of paper substrates, methods of device fabrication, and relevant theories in these devices. We then compare and categorize recent reports on detection of heavy metals using paper-based microfluidic devices on the basis of various detection mechanisms, such as colorimetric, fluorescent, and electrochemical methods. To finalize, the future development and trend in this field are discussed.

[1]  Shasha Wei,et al.  Paper-based microfluidics with high resolution, cut on a glass fiber membrane for bioassays. , 2014, Lab on a chip.

[2]  Liang Yang,et al.  Nano-Anatase-Enhanced Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence and Its Sensing Application , 2012 .

[3]  Arben Merkoçi,et al.  All-integrated and highly sensitive paper based device with sample treatment platform for Cd2+ immunodetection in drinking/tap waters. , 2013, Analytical chemistry.

[4]  Soledad Cerutti,et al.  Determination of heavy metals for the quality control in Argentinian herbal medicines by ETAAS and ICP-OES. , 2007, Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association.

[5]  Ali Akbar Asgharinezhad,et al.  Solid phase extraction of Cd(II) and Pb(II) using a magnetic metal-organic framework, and their determination by FAAS , 2013, Microchimica Acta.

[6]  D. Swartzendruber.  Non‐Darcy flow behavior in liquid‐saturated porous media , 1962 .

[7]  Huangxian Ju,et al.  Electrochemical sensing of heavy metal ions with inorganic, organic and bio-materials. , 2015, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[8]  Orawon Chailapakul,et al.  A microfluidic paper-based analytical device for rapid quantification of particulate chromium. , 2013, Analytica chimica acta.

[9]  N. Dossi,et al.  Pencil‐drawn paper supported electrodes as simple electrochemical detectors for paper‐based fluidic devices , 2013, Electrophoresis.

[10]  Werasak Surareungchai,et al.  Paper-based scanometric assay for lead ion detection using DNAzyme. , 2015, Analytica chimica acta.

[11]  Nan Lei,et al.  High-Yield Fabrication of Graphene Chemiresistors With Dielectrophoresis , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology.

[12]  George M Whitesides,et al.  Integration of paper-based microfluidic devices with commercial electrochemical readers. , 2010, Lab on a chip.

[13]  Gregory G. Lewis,et al.  A prototype point-of-use assay for measuring heavy metal contamination in water using time as a quantitative readout. , 2014, Chemical communications.

[14]  Kang Zhao,et al.  A competitive immunoassay for ultrasensitive detection of Hg(2+) in water, human serum and urine samples using immunochromatographic test based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering. , 2016, Analytica chimica acta.

[15]  Mohammad Rezaee,et al.  A nanoparticle-based solid-phase extraction procedure followed by flow injection inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry to determine some heavy metal ions in water samples. , 2010, Analytica chimica acta.

[16]  M. Formica,et al.  New fluorescent chemosensors for metal ions in solution , 2012 .

[17]  R. Grigg,et al.  A Criterion for Non-Darcy Flow in Porous Media , 2006 .

[18]  Shenguang Ge,et al.  Paper-based chemiluminescence ELISA: lab-on-paper based on chitosan modified paper device and wax-screen-printing. , 2012, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[19]  Orawon Chailapakul,et al.  Multilayer paper-based device for colorimetric and electrochemical quantification of metals. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[20]  George M. Whitesides,et al.  Paper-based electroanalytical devices for accessible diagnostic testing , 2013 .

[21]  T. S. West.  Analytical Chemistry , 1969, Nature.

[22]  Terence G. Henares,et al.  Paper-based inkjet-printed microfluidic analytical devices. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[23]  George M Whitesides,et al.  FLASH: a rapid method for prototyping paper-based microfluidic devices. , 2008, Lab on a chip.

[24]  Jianzhong Fu,et al.  Rapid fabrication of paper-based microfluidic analytical devices with desktop stereolithography 3D printer , 2015 .

[25]  Xiaofeng Lin,et al.  An integrated system for field analysis of Cd(II) and Pb(II) via preconcentration using nano-TiO2/cellulose paper composite and subsequent detection with a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer , 2016 .

[26]  Jinghua Yu,et al.  Electrochemical immunoassay on a 3D microfluidic paper-based device. , 2012, Chemical Communications.

[27]  Herman Yagoda,et al.  Applications of Confined Spot Tests in Analytical Chemistry: Preliminary Paper , 1937 .

[28]  S. Whitaker.  Flow in porous media I: A theoretical derivation of Darcy's law , 1986 .

[29]  Peuli Nath,et al.  A paper based microfluidic device for the detection of arsenic using a gold nanosensor , 2014 .

[30]  Mei Yang,et al.  High efficient adsorption and colorimetric detection of trace copper ions with a functional filter paper , 2016 .

[31]  Jilie Kong,et al.  Rapid detection of Cu(2+) by a paper-based microfluidic device coated with bovine serum albumin (BSA)-Au nanoclusters. , 2015, The Analyst.

[32]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Low-cost printing of poly(dimethylsiloxane) barriers to define microchannels in paper. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[33]  Xu Li,et al.  A perspective on paper-based microfluidics: Current status and future trends. , 2012, Biomicrofluidics.

[34]  G. Peggs,et al.  An Intercomparison Between a Primary Standard Mercury Barometer and a Gas-operated Pressure Balance Standard , 1979 .

[35]  Donald R Paul,et al.  Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research: Looking Back , 2013 .

[36]  Sau Yin Chin,et al.  Microfluidic CD4+ T-cell counting device using chemiluminescence-based detection. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[37]  Virgílio Franco do Nascimento Filho,et al.  Paper-based diffusive gradients in thin films technique coupled to energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of labile Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb in river water , 2012 .

[38]  C. Cabet,et al.  The development of microstructural damage during high temperature creep–fatigue of a nickel alloy , 2013 .

[39]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Understanding wax printing: a simple micropatterning process for paper-based microfluidics. , 2009, Analytical chemistry.

[40]  I. Blumenthal,et al.  Should We Ban the Mercury Thermometer? Discussion Paper , 1992, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[41]  Orawon Chailapakul,et al.  Highly selective and sensitive paper-based colorimetric sensor using thiosulfate catalytic etching of silver nanoplates for trace determination of copper ions. , 2015, Analytica chimica acta.

[42]  Werasak Surareungchai,et al.  A new rhodamine derivative-based chemosensor for highly selective and sensitive determination of Cu2+ , 2014 .

[43]  Charles S Henry,et al.  Microfluidic paper-based analytical device for particulate metals. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[44]  Hengwei Lin,et al.  Paper-based colorimetric array test strip for selective and semiquantitative multi-ion analysis: simultaneous detection of Hg²⁺, Ag⁺, and Cu²⁺. , 2014, Analytical chemistry.

[45]  Renato C. F. Neves,et al.  FAAS determination of metal nutrients in fish feed after ultrasound extraction , 2009 .

[46]  N. Chandrasekaran,et al.  Simple colorimetric detection of Cr(III) in aqueous solutions by as synthesized citrate capped gold nanoparticles and development of a paper based assay , 2013 .

[47]  Liang Feng,et al.  A fluorometric paper-based sensor array for the discrimination of heavy-metal ions. , 2013, Talanta.

[48]  Aldo Fiori,et al.  Transport in Porous Media , 2008 .

[49]  Wei Xue,et al.  Towards a Dynamic Clamp for Neurochemical Modalities , 2013, BMC Neuroscience.

[50]  Kyung Beom Kim,et al.  A single colorimetric sensor for multiple target ions: the simultaneous detection of Fe2+ and Cu2+ in aqueous media , 2014 .

[51]  Ran Yang,et al.  Enhanced chemiluminescence of the luminol-K3Fe(CN)6 system by ZnSe quantum dots and its application , 2013 .

[52]  John Newman,et al.  Electrochemical Systems, 3rd Edition , 2004 .

[53]  Kevin Pennings,et al.  Paper-based microfluidics with an erodible polymeric bridge giving controlled release and timed flow shutoff. , 2014, Lab on a chip.

[54]  B. Lin,et al.  Fabrication and characterization of paper-based microfluidics prepared in nitrocellulose membrane by wax printing. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[55]  Orawon Chailapakul,et al.  Novel, simple and low-cost alternative method for fabrication of paper-based microfluidics by wax dipping. , 2011, Talanta.

[56]  Liang Feng,et al.  Enhancement of sensitivity of paper-based sensor array for the identification of heavy-metal ions. , 2013, Analytica chimica acta.

[57]  Andres W Martinez,et al.  Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices: from POCKET to paper-based ELISA. , 2011, Bioanalysis.

[58]  George M. Whitesides,et al.  Fabrication of Low-Cost Paper-Based Microfluidic Devices by Embossing or Cut-and-Stack Methods , 2014 .

[59]  Volker J. Dietrich,et al.  Determination of Heavy Metals in Soils, Sediments and Geological Materials by ICP-AES and ICP-MS , 2001 .

[60]  Nan Wang,et al.  Anion-intercalated layered double hydroxides modified test strips for detection of heavy metal ions. , 2016, Talanta.

[61]  P. Paul,et al.  Colorimetric and Fluorogenic Recognition of Hg2+ and Cr3+ in Acetonitrile and their Test Paper Recognition in Aqueous Media with the Aid of Rhodamine Based Sensors , 2015, Journal of Fluorescence.

[62]  Chatthai Kaewtong,et al.  Inkpen-printed reusable colorimetric sensors for the detection of Hg(II) , 2014 .

[63]  Jing Meng,et al.  Impacts of soil and water pollution on food safety and health risks in China. , 2015, Environment international.

[64]  Lehui Lu,et al.  Fluorescent silver nanoclusters for user-friendly detection of Cu2+ on a paper platform. , 2012, The Analyst.

[65]  Aswin K. Manohar,et al.  Properties of Nickel-Iron Batteries with High-Performance Iron Electrodes , 2015 .

[66]  Jack L. Johnson.  Microchemical techniques in solving industrial problems , 1967 .

[67]  A. Gobbi,et al.  Electrochemical detection in a paper-based separation device. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[68]  Wai Ho Li,et al.  Uniform mixing in paper-based microfluidic systems using surface acoustic waves. , 2012, Lab on a chip.

[69]  H. Mousavi,et al.  Column preconcentration and faas determination of heavy metal ions using Artemisia Siberi as an adsorbent. , 2014, Journal of AOAC International.

[70]  Jie Xu,et al.  A compact lab-on-a-chip nanosensor for glycerol detection , 2012 .

[71]  Gregor P. Jose,et al.  Histidine based fluorescence sensor detects Hg2+ in solution, paper strips, and in cells. , 2012, Inorganic chemistry.

[72]  Lianming Zhang,et al.  Low-cost fabrication of paper-based microfluidic devices by one-step plotting. , 2012, Analytical chemistry.

[73]  Xiaoli Dong,et al.  A study of the photodeposition over Ti/TiO2 electrode for electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions , 2015 .

[74]  W. Xue,et al.  Simple graphene chemiresistors as pH sensors: fabrication and characterization , 2011, 1207.0851.

[75]  R. Cattrall,et al.  The use of a polymer inclusion membrane in a paper-based sensor for the selective determination of Cu(II). , 2013, Analytica chimica acta.

[76]  W. Dungchai,et al.  A low-cost, simple, and rapid fabrication method for paper-based microfluidics using wax screen-printing. , 2011, The Analyst.

[77]  Bingcheng Lin,et al.  Rapid prototyping of paper‐based microfluidics with wax for low‐cost, portable bioassay , 2009, Electrophoresis.

[78]  Wei Wang,et al.  Tree-shaped paper strip for semiquantitative colorimetric detection of protein with self-calibration. , 2010, Journal of chromatography. A.

[79]  Fang Liu,et al.  Aptamer based test stripe for ultrasensitive detection of mercury(II) using a phenylene-ethynylene reagent on nanoporous silver as a chemiluminescence reagent , 2014, Microchimica Acta.

[80]  B. Francisco,et al.  Determination of metals in soft drinks packed in different materials by ETAAS. , 2015, Food chemistry.

[81]  Thomas Franz Hofer,et al.  Tainting of seafood and marine pollution , 1998 .

[82]  Roland Zengerle,et al.  Microfluidic platforms for lab-on-a-chip applications. , 2007, Lab on a chip.

[83]  Arben Merkoçi,et al.  Rapid and highly sensitive detection of mercury ions using a fluorescence-based paper test strip with an N-alkylaminopyrazole ligand as a receptor , 2012 .

[84]  L. Kricka.  Chemiluminescence and bioluminescence. , 1993 .

[85]  Wei Shen,et al.  Fabrication of paper-based microfluidic sensors by printing. , 2010, Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.

[86]  Fenghong Huang,et al.  Paper-based analytical device with colorimetric assay application to the determination of phenolic acids and recognition of Fe3+ , 2015 .

[87]  Mingfei Pan,et al.  Schiff base-chitosan grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes as a novel solid-phase extraction adsorbent for determination of heavy metal by ICP-MS. , 2012, Journal of hazardous materials.

[88]  R. Houk.  Mass spectrometry of inductively coupled plasmas , 1986 .

[89]  Ralph H. Müller,et al.  AUTOMATIC PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY , 1949 .

[90]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Heterogeneous films of ionotropic hydrogels fabricated from delivery templates of patterned paper. , 2009, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[91]  Xiwang Zhang,et al.  "Periodic-table-style" paper device for monitoring heavy metals in water. , 2015, Analytical chemistry.

[92]  Dan McKenzie,et al.  The Journal of Laryngology , 1920 .

[93]  A. M. Abd El-Halim,et al.  Electroplating of cadmium from acidic bromide baths , 1984 .

[94]  Dermot Diamond,et al.  Fast prototyping of paper-based microfluidic devices by contact stamping using indelible ink , 2013 .

[95]  O. Chailapakul,et al.  Sensitive electrochemical sensor using a graphene-polyaniline nanocomposite for simultaneous detection of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II). , 2015, Analytica chimica acta.

[96]  Taek Seung Lee,et al.  New fluorescent metal-ion detection using a paper-based sensor strip containing tethered rhodamine carbon nanodots. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[97]  Eli Zysman-Colman,et al.  Bright electrochemiluminescence of iridium(III) complexes. , 2012, Chemical communications.

[98]  Ki-Hyun Kim,et al.  Long-term monitoring of airborne nickel (Ni) pollution in association with some potential source processes in the urban environment. , 2014, Chemosphere.

[99]  Orawon Chailapakul,et al.  Use of multiple colorimetric indicators for paper-based microfluidic devices. , 2010, Analytica chimica acta.

[100]  Md. Rabiul Awual,et al.  Colorimetric detection and removal of copper(II) ions from wastewater samples using tailor-made composite adsorbent , 2015 .

[101]  Z. Shao,et al.  The study of electroless nickel plating directly on magnesium alloy , 2014 .

[102]  R. Tidecks,et al.  Examination of the Binding Mechanism of Mercury in Fluorescent Lamp Coatings , 2015 .

[103]  H. Jung,et al.  Continuous separation of breast cancer cells from blood samples using multi-orifice flow fractionation (MOFF) and dielectrophoresis (DEP). , 2011, Lab on a chip.

[104]  Hyeonseok Yoon,et al.  Real-time detection of metal ions using conjugated polymer composite papers. , 2014, The Analyst.

[105]  Orawon Chailapakul,et al.  Simple silver nanoparticle colorimetric sensing for copper by paper-based devices. , 2012, Talanta.

[106]  Christopher L. Cassano,et al.  Laminated paper-based analytical devices (LPAD): fabrication, characterization, and assays , 2013 .

[107]  Reza Masoodi,et al.  Darcy's law‐based model for wicking in paper‐like swelling porous media , 2010 .

[108]  Meng Zhang,et al.  Three-dimensional paper-based electrochemiluminescence device for simultaneous detection of Pb2+ and Hg2+ based on potential-control technique. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[109]  Yu Xiang,et al.  A fluorescent chemosensor for Cu2+ detection in solution based on aggregation-induced emission and its application in fabricating Cu2+ test papers , 2014 .

[110]  Xinyu Liu,et al.  Magnetic timing valves for fluid control in paper-based microfluidics. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[111]  J. Olkkonen,et al.  Flexographically printed fluidic structures in paper. , 2010, Analytical chemistry.

[112]  S. Hossain,et al.  β-Galactosidase-based colorimetric paper sensor for determination of heavy metals. , 2011, Analytical chemistry.

[113]  Junfei Tian,et al.  Paper-based microfluidic devices by plasma treatment. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[114]  Chih-Ching Huang,et al.  Colorimetric assay of lead ions in biological samples using a nanogold-based membrane. , 2011, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[115]  Yanlong Tai,et al.  Fabrication of paper-based conductive patterns for flexible electronics by direct-writing , 2011 .

[116]  Temsiri Songjaroen,et al.  Blood separation on microfluidic paper-based analytical devices. , 2012, Lab on a chip.

[117]  D. A. Pelemo,et al.  Characterisation of heavy metal pollutants of soils and sediments around a crude-oil production terminal using EDXRF , 2002 .

[118]  Thorjørn Larssen,et al.  Contents of cadmium, copper, mercury and lead in fish from the Neretva river (Bosnia and Herzegovina) determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) , 2012 .

[119]  William G. Gray,et al.  High velocity flow in porous media , 1987 .

[120]  Jian-Jun Shi,et al.  Electrochemical detection of Pb and Cd in paper-based microfluidic devices , 2012 .

[121]  B Palcic,et al.  Diagnostic imaging of the larynx: autofluorescence of laryngeal tumours using the helium-cadmium laser , 1995, The Journal of Laryngology & Otology.

[122]  G. Whitesides,et al.  Patterned paper as a platform for inexpensive, low-volume, portable bioassays. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[123]  M. Roller,et al.  Food and Chemical Toxicology , 2013 .

[124]  David J. S. Birch,et al.  Measurement Science and Technology at 2015 , 2013 .

[125]  Jin-Ming Lin,et al.  Quantum dots-enhanced chemiluminescence: Mechanism and application , 2014 .

[126]  Jia Li,et al.  Multiplex lateral flow detection and binary encoding enables a molecular colorimetric 7-segment display. , 2016, Lab on a chip.

[127]  B. Ye,et al.  A low-cost and simple paper-based microfluidic device for simultaneous multiplex determination of different types of chemical contaminants in food. , 2015, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[128]  Zhigang Xie,et al.  Fast response and high sensitivity europium metal organic framework fluorescent probe with chelating terpyridine sites for Fe³⁺. , 2013, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[129]  Shantimoy Kar,et al.  Capillarity-driven blood plasma separation on paper-based devices. , 2015, The Analyst.

[130]  William G. Gray,et al.  On the General Equations for Flow in Porous Media and Their Reduction to Darcy's Law , 1976 .

[131]  Joseph A. Ayoub,et al.  Applicability of the Forchheimer Equation for Non-Darcy Flow in Porous Media , 2008 .

[132]  G. A. Saad,et al.  Measurement of heavy metals accumulation in ctendia of Anadara ehrenbergi (Dunker, 1868) using energy- dispersive x-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) , 2015 .

[133]  Ş. Tokalıoğlu,et al.  Determination of trace elements in commonly consumed medicinal herbs by ICP-MS and multivariate analysis. , 2012, Food chemistry.

[134]  K. Pillai,et al.  Darcy's law‐based models for liquid absorption in polymer wicks , 2007 .

[135]  Hasan Bagheri,et al.  Preparation and characterization of magnetic nanocomposite of Schiff base/silica/magnetite as a preconcentration phase for the trace determination of heavy metal ions in water, food and biological samples using atomic absorption spectrometry. , 2012, Talanta.

[136]  Ali Kemal Yetisen,et al.  Paper-based microfluidic point-of-care diagnostic devices. , 2013, Lab on a chip.

[137]  Kai Li,et al.  A ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor for Al³⁺ in aqueous solution based on aggregation-induced emission and its application in live-cell imaging. , 2014, Analytica chimica acta.

[138]  G F Nordberg,et al.  Chromosome analysis of lymphocytes from cadmium workers and Itai-itai patients. , 1975, Environmental research.