Climate change and the air travel decisions of UK tourists

Whilst much effort has been made to communicate to the public the importance of reducing carbon footprints in the home, one area where emissions are growing rapidly and little attempt has been made to increase consumer understanding of the impacts is holidays, particularly those involving air travel. Using focus group research, this paper explores tourists’ awareness of the impacts of travel on climate change, examines the extent to which climate change features in holiday travel decisions and identifies some of the barriers to the adoption of less carbon-intensive tourism practices. The findings suggest that many tourists do not consider climate change when planning their holidays. The failure of tourists to engage with the climate change impact of holidays, combined with significant barriers to behavioural change, presents a considerable challenge in moving the tourism industry onto a sustainable emissions path. The findings are discussed in relation to theoretical perspectives from psychology and sociology.

[1]  Timothy O'Riordan,et al.  The psychology of denial concerning climate mitigation measures: evidence from Swiss focus groups , 2001 .

[2]  Susanne Becken,et al.  Innovation towards tourism sustainability: climate change and aviation , 2006 .

[3]  Paul Peeters,et al.  ‘It Does Not Harm the Environment!’ An Analysis of Industry Discourses on Tourism, Air Travel and the Environment , 2007 .

[4]  Susanne Becken,et al.  Tourists' Perception of International Air Travel's Impact on the Global Climate and Potential Climate Change Policies , 2007 .

[5]  J. Anable,et al.  AN EVIDENCE BASE REVIEW OF PUBLIC ATTITUDES TO CLIMATE CHANGE AND TRANSPORT BEHAVIOUR , 2006 .

[6]  Gert Spaargaren,et al.  Lifestyles, consumption and the environment: The ecological modernization of domestic consumption , 2000 .

[7]  Jan-Henrik Nilsson Low-cost Aviation , 2009 .

[8]  J. Penner,et al.  Aviation and the Global Atmosphere , 1999 .

[9]  Karl Georg Høyer,et al.  Sustainable Tourism or Sustainable Mobility? The Norwegian Case , 2000 .

[10]  A. Kollmuss,et al.  Mind the Gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? , 2002 .

[11]  Sophie A. Nicholson-Cole,et al.  Barriers perceived to engaging with climate change among the UK public and their policy implications , 2007 .

[12]  Peter Adey,et al.  Flying lessons: exploring the social and cultural geographies of global air travel , 2007 .

[13]  Xander Olsthoorn,et al.  Carbon dioxide emissions from international aviation: 1950–2050 , 2001 .

[14]  Richard S. J. Tol,et al.  The Impact of a Carbon Tax on International Tourism , 2007 .

[15]  Gareth Shaw,et al.  'A holiday is a holiday': practicing sustainability, home and away , 2010 .

[16]  Janet Mancini Billson,et al.  Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research , 1989 .

[17]  A. Bryman Social Research Methods , 2001 .

[18]  L. Festinger,et al.  A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance , 2017 .

[19]  Stefan Gössling,et al.  Global environmental consequences of tourism , 2002 .

[20]  H. Bernard,et al.  Techniques to Identify Themes , 2003 .

[21]  Paul Peeters,et al.  Voluntary Carbon Offsetting Schemes for Aviation: Efficiency, Credibility and Sustainable Tourism , 2007 .

[22]  Callum Thomas,et al.  Discussion Note: Social and Cultural Dimensions of Air Travel Demand: Hyper-Mobility in the UK? , 2006 .

[23]  Tim Jackson Motivating Sustainable Consumption , 2008 .

[24]  Nicholas Frank Pidgeon,et al.  Public Views on Climate Change: European and USA Perspectives , 2006 .

[25]  Michel Laroche,et al.  Shades of green: linking environmental locus of control and pro‐environmental behaviors , 2005 .

[26]  Peter Simmons,et al.  Constructing Responsibilities for Risk: Negotiating Citizen — State Relationships , 2008 .

[27]  Richard E. Boyatzis,et al.  Transforming Qualitative Information: Thematic Analysis and Code Development , 1998 .

[28]  Ghislain Dubois,et al.  Tourism/Leisure Greenhouse Gas Emissions Forecasts for 2050: Factors for Change in France , 2006 .

[29]  Troy D. Abel,et al.  A Value-Belief-Norm Theory of Support for Social Movements: The Case of Environmentalism , 1999 .

[30]  J. Dickinson,et al.  Representation of transport: A Rural Destination Analysis , 2009 .

[31]  I. Ajzen The theory of planned behavior , 1991 .

[32]  Colin Hunter,et al.  The ecological footprint as a key indicator of sustainable tourism. , 2007 .

[33]  M. Bloor,et al.  Focus Groups in Social Research , 2000 .

[34]  S. Gössling,et al.  Tourist Perceptions of Climate Change: A Study of International Tourists in Zanzibar , 2006 .

[35]  James Blake Overcoming the ‘value‐action gap’ in environmental policy: Tensions between national policy and local experience , 1999 .

[36]  P. Upham,et al.  Climate Change and Aviation. Issues, Challenges and Solutions. , 2009 .

[37]  R. Nickerson Psychology and Environmental Change , 2002 .

[38]  Wendy Wood,et al.  Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior. , 1998 .

[39]  A. Jaworski,et al.  The alchemy of the upwardly mobile: symbolic capital and the stylization of elites in frequent-flyer programmes , 2006 .

[40]  Andreas Diekmann,et al.  Green and Greenback , 2003 .

[41]  D. Bem Self-perception: An alternative interpretation of cognitive dissonance phenomena. , 1967, Psychological review.

[42]  Sally Randles,et al.  Aviation, consumption and the climate change debate: ‘Are you going to tell me off for flying?’ , 2009, Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag..

[43]  P. Schmidt,et al.  Does Money Matter? A Theory-Driven Growth Mixture Model to Explain Travel-Mode Choice with Experimental Data , 2006 .

[44]  S. Barr Are we all environmentalists now? Rhetoric and reality in environmental action , 2004 .