Direct Laser Writing of Magneto-Photonic Sub-Microstructures for Prospective Applications in Biomedical Engineering

We report on the fabrication of desired magneto-photonic devices by a low one-photon absorption (LOPA) direct laser writing (DLW) technique on a photocurable nanocomposite consisting of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and a commercial SU-8 photoresist. The magnetic nanocomposite was synthesized by mixing Fe3O4 nanoparticles with different kinds of SU-8 photoresists. We demonstrated that the degree of dispersion of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the nanocomposite depended on the concentration of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, the viscosity of SU-8 resist, and the mixing time. By tuning these parameters, the most homogeneous magnetic nanocomposite was obtained with a concentration of about 2 wt % of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in SU-8 2005 photoresist for the mixing time of 20 days. The LOPA-based DLW technique was employed to fabricate on demand various magneto-photonic submicrometer structures, which are similar to those obtained without Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The magneto-photonic 2D and 3D structures with sizes as small as 150 nm were created. We demonstrated the strong magnetic field responses of the magneto-photonic nanostructures and their use as micro-actuators when immersed in a liquid solution.

[1]  Krzysztof K. Krawczyk,et al.  Magnetic Helical Micromachines: Fabrication, Controlled Swimming, and Cargo Transport , 2012, Advanced materials.

[2]  Li Zhang,et al.  Bio-inspired magnetic swimming microrobots for biomedical applications. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[3]  Ioannis K. Kaliakatsos,et al.  Microrobots for minimally invasive medicine. , 2010, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[4]  Xu-Ming Xie,et al.  Computational modeling and simulation of nanoparticle self-assembly in polymeric systems: Structures, properties and external field effects , 2013 .

[5]  C. Boyer,et al.  In Situ Formation of Polymer-Gold Composite Nanoparticles with Tunable Morphologies. , 2014, ACS macro letters.

[6]  P. Prasad,et al.  Two‐Photon Lithography of Sub‐Wavelength Metallic Structures in a Polymer Matrix , 2010, Advanced materials.

[7]  A. Medvedev,et al.  Iron oxide nanoparticles fabricated by electric explosion of wire: focus on magnetic nanofluids , 2012 .

[8]  Bradley J. Nelson,et al.  Inkjet Printing of High Aspect Ratio Superparamagnetic SU-8 Microstructures with Preferential Magnetic Directions , 2014, Micromachines.

[9]  Howon Lee,et al.  Programming magnetic anisotropy in polymeric microactuators. , 2011, Nature materials.

[10]  Raja Das,et al.  Exchange Bias Effects in Iron Oxide-Based Nanoparticle Systems , 2016, Nanomaterials.

[11]  Prashant K. Sharma,et al.  Dual-responsive polymer coated superparamagnetic nanoparticle for targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia treatment. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[12]  D. Brenner,et al.  Carbon nanostructures for advanced composites , 2006 .

[13]  T. A. Hatton,et al.  Synthesis of nonspherical superparamagnetic particles: in situ coprecipitation of magnetic nanoparticles in microgels prepared by stop-flow lithography. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[14]  Erik H. Waller,et al.  Three‐Dimensional μ‐Printing: An Enabling Technology , 2015 .

[15]  Ivo Safarik,et al.  Magnetic techniques for the isolation and purification of proteins and peptides , 2004, Biomagnetic research and technology.

[16]  T. Weller,et al.  Polymer nanocomposites exhibiting magnetically tunable microwave properties , 2011, Nanotechnology.

[17]  Dam Thuy Trang Nguyen,et al.  One-step fabrication of submicrostructures by low one-photon absorption direct laser writing technique with local thermal effect , 2016 .

[18]  Z. Cui,et al.  Fabrication of magnetic rings for high density memory devices , 2002 .

[19]  Paola Tiberto,et al.  Magnetic correlation states in cosputtered granular Ag(100-x)Fe(x) films , 2006 .

[20]  M. Toprak,et al.  Synthesis and magnetic properties of bulk transparent PMMA/Fe-oxide nanocomposites , 2009, Nanotechnology.

[21]  P. Tiberto,et al.  Epoxy nanocomposites functionalized with in situ generated magnetite nanocrystals: Microstructure, magnetic properties, interaction among magnetic particles , 2015 .

[22]  Hariharan Srikanth,et al.  Superparamagnetic Polymer Nanocomposites with Uniform Fe3O4 Nanoparticle Dispersions , 2006 .

[23]  T. Crawford,et al.  Pattern transfer nanomanufacturing using magnetic recording for programmed nanoparticle assembly , 2012, Nanotechnology.

[24]  E. Furlani,et al.  Self-Assembly of Crystalline Structures of Magnetic Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Fabrication of Nanostructured Materials. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[25]  N. D. Lai,et al.  Submicrometer 3D structures fabrication enabled by one-photon absorption direct laser writing. , 2013, Optics express.

[26]  Rafael Abargues,et al.  Polymer/QDs nanocomposites for waveguiding applications , 2012 .

[27]  D. Arnold,et al.  Magnetic Assembly and Cross-Linking of Nanoparticles for Releasable Magnetic Microstructures. , 2015, ACS nano.

[28]  Xingguo Chen,et al.  In situ synthesis of self-assembled three-dimensional graphene-magnetic palladium nanohybrids with dual-enzyme activity through one-pot strategy and its application in glucose probe. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[29]  Isabelle Ledoux-Rak,et al.  Optimization of LOPA-based direct laser writing technique for fabrication of submicrometric polymer two- and three-dimensional structures , 2014, Photonics Europe.

[30]  Satoshi Kawata,et al.  Laser nanofabrication in photoresists and azopolymers , 2014 .

[31]  Bartosz A Grzybowski,et al.  Electrostatics at the nanoscale. , 2011, Nanoscale.

[32]  C. Hierold,et al.  Superparamagnetic Twist‐Type Actuators with Shape‐Independent Magnetic Properties and Surface Functionalization for Advanced Biomedical Applications , 2014 .

[33]  Qian Feng,et al.  Magnetite Nanostructured Porous Hollow Helical Microswimmers for Targeted Delivery , 2015 .

[34]  S. Lofland,et al.  Tailoring functional properties of Ni nanoparticles-acrylic copolymer composites with different concentrations of magnetic filler , 2015 .

[35]  Ngoc Diep Lai,et al.  Concept for three-dimensional optical addressing by ultralow one-photon absorption method. , 2013, Optics letters.

[36]  M. Vázquez,et al.  Superparamagnetic properties of carbon nanotubes filled with NiFe2O4 nanoparticles , 2015 .

[37]  M. Açikgöz,et al.  Synthesis, characterization and magnetic properties of Fe3O4 doped chitosan polymer , 2015 .

[38]  A. E. Haj,et al.  Biocompatibility and toxicity of magnetic nanoparticles in regenerative medicine , 2012 .