Color vision and color formation in dragonflies.

Dragonflies including damselflies are colorful and large-eyed insects, which show remarkable sexual dimorphism, color transition, and color polymorphism. Recent comprehensive visual transcriptomics has unveiled an extraordinary diversity of opsin genes within the lineage of dragonflies. These opsin genes are differentially expressed between aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults, as well as between dorsal and ventral regions of adult compound eyes. Recent topics of color formation in dragonflies are also outlined. Non-iridescent blue color is caused by coherent light scattering from the quasiordered nanostructures, whereas iridescent color is produced by multilayer structures. Wrinkles or wax crystals sometimes enhances multilayer structural colors. Sex-specific and stage-specific color differences in red dragonflies is attributed to redox states of ommochrome pigments.

[1]  M. Friberg,et al.  Gender Differences in Species Recognition and the Evolution of Asymmetric Sexual Isolation , 2007, Current Biology.

[2]  O. Fincke.  Trade‐offs in female signal apparency to males offer alternative anti‐harassment strategies for colour polymorphic females , 2015, Journal of evolutionary biology.

[3]  R. Futahashi,et al.  Caterpillar color patterns are determined by a two‐phase melanin gene prepatterning process: new evidence from tan and laccase2 , 2010, Evolution & development.

[4]  Clifford Johnson.  Genetics of female dimorphism in Ischnura demorsa , 1966, Heredity.

[5]  C. Desplan,et al.  The evolutionary diversity of insect retinal mosaics: common design principles and emerging molecular logic. , 2015, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[6]  Audrey Coreau,et al.  Female polymorphisms, sexual conflict and limits to speciation processes in animals , 2007, Evolutionary Ecology.

[7]  M. Wellenreuther,et al.  Sexual selection and genetic colour polymorphisms in animals , 2014, Molecular ecology.

[8]  M. Wellenreuther,et al.  Sex differences in developmental plasticity and canalization shape population divergence in mate preferences , 2014, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[9]  T. Sherratt,et al.  Mixed Signals? Morphological and Molecular Evidence Suggest a Color Polymorphism in Some Neotropical Polythore Damselflies , 2015, PloS one.

[10]  Mamoru Watanabe,et al.  Morph-Specific Fecundity and Egg Size in the Female-Dimorphic Damselfly Ischnura senegalensis , 2010, Zoological Science.

[11]  T. Sherratt,et al.  Conspicuous Coloration in Males of the Damselfly Nehalennia irene (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae): Do Males Signal Their Unprofitability to Other Males? , 2015, PloS one.

[12]  R. Menzel,et al.  The identification of spectral receptor types in the retina and lamina of the dragonflySympetrum rubicundulum , 1983, Journal of comparative physiology.

[13]  D. M. Pandey,et al.  Biochemistry and biosynthesis of insect pigments , 2014 .

[14]  P. Wittkopp,et al.  Development and evolution of insect pigmentation: genetic mechanisms and the potential consequences of pleiotropy. , 2009, Seminars in cell & developmental biology.

[15]  M. Kawata,et al.  Evolution of increased phenotypic diversity enhances population performance by reducing sexual harassment in damselflies , 2014, Nature Communications.

[16]  E. Gaino,et al.  First evidence of the use of olfaction in Odonata behaviour. , 2014, Journal of insect physiology.

[17]  The genetic polymorphism linked to mate-securing strategies in the male damselfly Mnais costalis Selys (Odonata: Calopterygidae) , 2003, Population Ecology.

[18]  T. Getty,et al.  A role for ecology in the evolution of colour variation and sexual dimorphism in Hawaiian damselflies , 2016, Journal of evolutionary biology.

[19]  R. Wootton,et al.  Remarkable iridescence in the hindwings of the damselfly Neurobasis chinensis chinensis (Linnaeus) (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae) , 2004, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[20]  A. Córdoba‐Aguilar.  Dragonflies And Damselflies: Model Organisms for Ecological and Evolutionary Research , 2009 .

[21]  F. Frati,et al.  Scent of a Dragonfly: Sex Recognition in a Polymorphic Coenagrionid , 2015, PloS one.

[22]  C. Hassall.  Continental variation in wing pigmentation in Calopteryx damselflies is related to the presence of heterospecifics , 2014, PeerJ.

[23]  Tom D. Schultz,et al.  Structural colours create a flashing cue for sexual recognition and male quality in a Neotropical giant damselfly , 2009 .

[24]  T. Fukatsu,et al.  Redox alters yellow dragonflies into red , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[25]  J. Drury,et al.  Seasonal polyphenism in wing coloration affects species recognition in rubyspot damselflies (Hetaerina spp.) , 2015, Journal of evolutionary biology.

[26]  Spectral Sensitivities and Color Signals in a Polymorphic Damselfly , 2014, PloS one.

[27]  J. Waage.  Reproductive Isolation and the Potential for Character Displacement in the Damselflies, Calopteryx Maculata and C. Aequabilis (Odonata: Calopterygidae) , 1975 .

[28]  Todd H. Oakley,et al.  The Dynamic Evolutionary History of Pancrustacean Eyes and Opsins. , 2015, Integrative and comparative biology.

[29]  P. Holland,et al.  Conservation, Duplication, and Divergence of Five Opsin Genes in Insect Evolution , 2016, Genome biology and evolution.

[30]  H. Sezutsu,et al.  Identification of the Bombyx Red Egg Gene Reveals Involvement of a Novel Transporter Family Gene in Late Steps of the Insect Ommochrome Biosynthesis Pathway*♦ , 2012, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[31]  S. Gorb,et al.  Mechanism of the wing colouration in the dragonfly Zenithoptera lanei (Odonata: Libellulidae) and its role in intraspecific communication. , 2015, Journal of insect physiology.

[32]  S. Yajima,et al.  Positional cloning of a Bombyx pink-eyed white egg locus reveals the major role of cardinal in ommochrome synthesis , 2015, Heredity.

[33]  Seth M. Bybee,et al.  All the better to see you with: a review of odonate color vision with transcriptomic insight into the odonate eye , 2012, Organisms Diversity & Evolution.

[34]  R. Beeman,et al.  Molecular and Functional Analyses of Amino Acid Decarboxylases Involved in Cuticle Tanning in Tribolium castaneum* , 2009, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[35]  Thomas F. Hansen,et al.  Evolutionary Time-Series Analysis Reveals the Signature of Frequency-Dependent Selection on a Female Mating Polymorphism , 2015, The American Naturalist.

[36]  C. Johnson.  The Inheritance of Female Dimorphism in the Damselfly, Ischnura Damula. , 1964, Genetics.

[37]  Rodolfo H. Torres,et al.  Blue integumentary structural colours in dragonflies (Odonata) are not produced by incoherent Tyndall scattering , 2004, Journal of Experimental Biology.

[38]  J. Veron.  Physiological colour changes in Odonata eyes. A comparison between eye and epidermal chromatophore pigment migrations. , 1974, Journal of insect physiology.

[39]  Daniel Osorio,et al.  Spectral sensitivities of photoreceptors and lamina monopolar cells in the dragonfly, Hemicordulia tau , 1991, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[40]  P. Corbet.  Dragonflies: Behavior and Ecology of Odonata , 1999 .

[41]  Expression of a costly, plastic secondary sexual trait is correlated with age and condition in a damselfly with two male morphs , 1999 .

[42]  D. Stavenga,et al.  Sexual Dichromatism of the Damselfly Calopteryx japonica Caused by a Melanin-Chitin Multilayer in the Male Wing Veins , 2012, PloS one.

[43]  A. Orr,et al.  Wrinkles enhance the diffuse reflection from the dragonfly Rhyothemis resplendens , 2015, Journal of The Royal Society Interface.

[44]  J. Andrés,et al.  The inheritance of female colour morphs in the damselfly Ceriagrion tenellum (Odonata, Coenagrionidae) , 1999, Heredity.

[45]  M. Rantala,et al.  Interspecific aggression and character displacement in the damselfly Calopteryx splendens , 2004, Journal of evolutionary biology.

[46]  J. Drury,et al.  Interspecific aggression, not interspecific mating, drives character displacement in the wing coloration of male rubyspot damselflies (Hetaerina) , 2014, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[47]  A. C. Rivera,et al.  Hybridization and the inheritance of female colour polymorphism in two ischnurid damselflies (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) , 2005 .

[48]  Adaptive loss of color polymorphism and character displacements in sympatric Mnais damselflies , 2016, Evolutionary Ecology.

[49]  A. Córdoba‐Aguilar,et al.  Genetic divergence predicts reproductive isolation in damselflies , 2014, Journal of evolutionary biology.

[50]  L. Riddiford,et al.  The molecular mechanisms of cuticular melanization: the ecdysone cascade leading to dopa decarboxylase expression in Manduca sexta. , 2009, Insect biochemistry and molecular biology.

[51]  A. Orr,et al.  Subtle design changes control the difference in colour reflection from the dorsal and ventral wing-membrane surfaces of the damselfly Matronoides cyaneipennis. , 2013, Optics express.

[52]  P. de Knijff,et al.  De novo transcriptome of Ischnura elegans provides insights into sensory biology, colour and vision genes , 2014, BMC Genomics.

[53]  A. Cordero.  The inheritance of female polymorphism in the damselfly Ischnura graellsii (Rambur) (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) , 1990, Heredity.

[54]  Judith Reinhard,et al.  Color Change from male-mimic to Gynomorphic: a New Aspect of Signaling Sexual Status in Damselflies (Odonata, Zygoptera) , 2012 .

[55]  M. Vorobyev,et al.  A review of the evolution of animal colour vision and visual communication signals , 2008, Vision Research.

[56]  T. Labhart,et al.  The dorsal eye of the dragonfly Sympetrum: specializations for prey detection against the blue sky , 1995, Journal of Comparative Physiology A.

[57]  S. Yajima,et al.  Extraordinary diversity of visual opsin genes in dragonflies , 2015, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.