A comparative study of carbon-platinum hybrid nanostructure architecture for amperometric biosensing.

Carbon and noble metal nanomaterials exhibit unique properties that have been explored over the last few decades for developing electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Hybridization of nanometals to carbon nanomaterials such as graphene or carbon nanotubes produces a synergistic effect on the electrocatalytic activity when compared to either material alone. However, to date there are no comparative studies that directly investigate the effects of nanocarbon concentration and nanocomposite arrangement on electron transport. This comparative study investigated the efficacy of various platinum-carbon hybrid nanostructures for amperometric biosensing. Electroactive surface area, sensitivity towards hydrogen peroxide, response time, limit of detection, and surface roughness were measured for various hybrid nanomaterial arrangements. Both design factors (nanocarbon concentration and network arrangement) influenced the performance of the reduced graphene oxide-based platforms; whereas only nanomaterial arrangement affected the performance of the carbon nanotube-composites. The highest sensitivity towards hydrogen peroxide for reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites (45 ± 3.2 μA mM(-1)) was measured for a graphene concentration of 2 mg mL(-1) in a "sandwich" structure; nanoplatinum layers enveloping the reduced graphene oxide. Likewise, the best carbon nanotube performance toward H2O2 (49 ± 1.4 μA mM(-1)) was measured for a sandwich-type structure with nanoplatinum. The enhanced electrocatalytic activity of this "sandwich" structure was due to a combined effect of electrical junctions formed amongst nanocarbon, and nanocomposite soldering to the electrode surface. The top-down carbon-platinum hybrid nanocomposites in this paper represent a simple, low-cost, approach for formation of high fidelity amperometric sensors with remarkable performance characteristics that are similar to bottom-up fabrication approaches.

[1]  Eric S McLamore,et al.  Nanomaterial based self-referencing microbiosensors for cell and tissue physiology research. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[2]  Dermot Diamond.  Principles of chemical and biological sensors , 1998 .

[3]  Tapas Kuila,et al.  Recent advances in the efficient reduction of graphene oxide and its application as energy storage electrode materials. , 2013, Nanoscale.

[4]  Jian Xie,et al.  An aqueous media based approach for the preparation of a biosensor platform composed of graphene oxide and Pt-black. , 2012, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[5]  Eric S. McLamore,et al.  Electrochemical glutamate biosensing with nanocube and nanosphere augmented single-walled carbon nanotube networks: a comparative study , 2011 .

[6]  T. Chung,et al.  Synthesis of a graphene–carbon nanotube composite and its electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide , 2012 .

[7]  Resonant impurity band induced by point defects in graphene , 2009, 0905.0251.

[8]  P. McEuen,et al.  Electron Transport in Carbon Nanotubes , 2010 .

[9]  Erkang Wang,et al.  Self-assembly of cationic polyelectrolyte-functionalized graphene nanosheets and gold nanoparticles: a two-dimensional heterostructure for hydrogen peroxide sensing. , 2010, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[10]  María Begoña González-García,et al.  Metal‐Nanoparticles Based Electroanalysis , 2002 .

[11]  A. B. Kaiser,et al.  Electronic conduction in polymers, carbon nanotubes and graphene. , 2011, Chemical Society reviews.

[12]  S. Stankovich,et al.  Graphene-based composite materials , 2006, Nature.

[13]  Sanghamitra Chatterjee,et al.  Nanomaterials based electrochemical sensors for biomedical applications. , 2013, Chemical Society reviews.

[14]  F. Wei,et al.  Nanographene-constructed carbon nanofibers grown on graphene sheets by chemical vapor deposition: high-performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries. , 2011, ACS nano.

[15]  Prashant V. Kamat,et al.  Decorating Graphene Sheets with Gold Nanoparticles , 2008 .

[16]  R. Ruoff,et al.  Thin Film Fabrication and Simultaneous Anodic Reduction of Deposited Graphene Oxide Platelets by Electrophoretic Deposition , 2010 .

[17]  Andre K. Geim,et al.  The rise of graphene. , 2007, Nature materials.

[18]  Dan Li,et al.  Comparative studies on electrochemical activity of graphene nanosheets and carbon nanotubes , 2009 .

[19]  E S McLamore,et al.  A self referencing platinum nanoparticle decorated enzyme-based microbiosensor for real time measurement of physiological glucose transport. , 2011, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[20]  X. Xia,et al.  A green approach to the synthesis of graphene nanosheets. , 2009, ACS nano.

[21]  Sudip Chakraborty,et al.  Pt nanoparticle-based highly sensitive platform for the enzyme-free amperometric sensing of H2O2. , 2009, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[22]  Joseph Wang,et al.  Analytical Electrochemistry: Wang/Analytical Electrochemistry, Third Edition , 2006 .

[23]  Yuyan Shao,et al.  Graphene Based Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors: A Review , 2010 .

[24]  Mayra S. Artiles,et al.  Electrochemical Glucose Biosensor of Platinum Nanospheres Connected by Carbon Nanotubes , 2010, Journal of diabetes science and technology.

[25]  M. D. Rooij,et al.  Electrochemical Methods: Fundamentals and Applications , 2003 .

[26]  Jincheng Liu,et al.  High-quality reduced graphene oxide-nanocrystalline platinum hybrid materials prepared by simultaneous co-reduction of graphene oxide and chloroplatinic acid , 2011, Nanoscale research letters.

[27]  R. Lyman Ott.,et al.  An introduction to statistical methods and data analysis , 1977 .

[28]  D Marshall Porterfield,et al.  A comparative study of enzyme immobilization strategies for multi-walled carbon nanotube glucose biosensors , 2011, Nanotechnology.

[29]  Reviewed by Gang Deng.  Principles of Chemical and Biological Sensors , 1999 .

[30]  R. Yu,et al.  Amperometric glucose biosensor based on electrodeposition of platinum nanoparticles onto covalently immobilized carbon nanotube electrode. , 2007, Talanta.

[31]  J. Justin Gooding,et al.  Nanostructuring electrodes with carbon nanotubes: A review on electrochemistry and applications for sensing , 2005 .

[32]  Y. Tsai,et al.  Electrochemical deposition of platinum nanoparticles in multiwalled carbon nanotube–Nafion composite for methanol electrooxidation , 2008 .

[33]  Jian Fang,et al.  Amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide utilizing synergistic action of cobalt hexacyanoferrate and carbon nanotubes chemically modified with platinum nanoparticles , 2013 .

[34]  M. Chan-Park,et al.  Synthesis of graphene–carbon nanotube hybrid foam and its use as a novel three-dimensional electrode for electrochemical sensing , 2012 .