A Robust Physical Unclonable Function With Enhanced Challenge-Response Set

A Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) is a promising solution to many security issues due its ability to generate a die unique identifier that can resist cloning attempts as well as physical tampering. However, the efficiency of a PUF depends on its implementation cost, its reliability, its resiliency to attacks, and the amount of entropy in it. PUF entropy is used to construct crypto graphic keys, chip identifiers, or challenge-response pairs (CRPs) in a chip authentication mechanism. The amount of entropy in a PUF is limited by the circuit resources available to build a PUF. As a result, generating longer keys or larger sets of CRPs may increase PUF circuit cost. We address this limitation in a PUF by proposing an identity-mapping function that expands the set of CRPs of a ring-oscillator PUF (RO-PUF) with low area cost. The CRPs generated through this function exhibit strong PUF qualities in terms of uniqueness and reliability. To introduce the identity-mapping function, we formulate a novel PUF system model that uncouples PUF measurement from PUF identifier formation. We show the enhanced CRP generation capability of the new function using a statistical hypothesis test. An implementation of our technique on a low-cost FPGA platform shows at least 2 times savings in area compared to the traditional RO-PUF. The proposed technique is validated using a population of 125 chips, and its reliability over varying environmental conditions is shown.

[1]  Chi-En Daniel Yin,et al.  LISA: Maximizing RO PUF's secret extraction , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (HOST).

[2]  Jorge Guajardo,et al.  Extended abstract: The butterfly PUF protecting IP on every FPGA , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Workshop on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust.

[3]  Frank Sehnke,et al.  On the Foundations of Physical Unclonable Functions , 2009, IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch..

[4]  Miodrag Potkonjak,et al.  Techniques for Design and Implementation of Secure Reconfigurable PUFs , 2009, TRETS.

[5]  Miodrag Potkonjak,et al.  Testing Techniques for Hardware Security , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Test Conference.

[6]  Patrick Schaumont,et al.  From Statistics to Circuits: Foundations for Future Physical Unclonable Functions , 2010, Towards Hardware-Intrinsic Security.

[7]  Raymond N. J. Veldhuis,et al.  Practical Biometric Authentication with Template Protection , 2005, AVBPA.

[8]  Ingrid Verbauwhede,et al.  Physically Unclonable Functions: A Study on the State of the Art and Future Research Directions , 2010, Towards Hardware-Intrinsic Security.

[9]  Yamin Li,et al.  Implementation of single precision floating point square root on FPGAs , 1997, Proceedings. The 5th Annual IEEE Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines Cat. No.97TB100186).

[10]  Patrick Schaumont,et al.  A large scale characterization of RO-PUF , 2010, 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (HOST).

[11]  Jorge Guajardo,et al.  FPGA Intrinsic PUFs and Their Use for IP Protection , 2007, CHES.

[12]  Abhranil Maiti,et al.  Improved Ring Oscillator PUF: An FPGA-friendly Secure Primitive , 2011, Journal of Cryptology.

[13]  G. Edward Suh,et al.  Physical Unclonable Functions for Device Authentication and Secret Key Generation , 2007, 2007 44th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference.

[14]  Srinivas Devadas,et al.  Modeling attacks on physical unclonable functions , 2010, CCS '10.

[15]  Ingrid Verbauwhede,et al.  Low-Overhead Implementation of a Soft Decision Helper Data Algorithm for SRAM PUFs , 2009, CHES.

[16]  Raul H. C. Lopes,et al.  A two-dimensional Kolmogorov-Smirnov test , 2009 .

[17]  M. Stephens.  EDF Statistics for Goodness of Fit and Some Comparisons , 1974 .

[18]  Srinivas Devadas,et al.  Secure and robust error correction for physical unclonable functions , 2010, IEEE Design & Test of Computers.

[19]  Derek Abbott,et al.  Random numbers from metastability and thermal noise , 2005 .

[20]  Jean-Paul M. G. Linnartz,et al.  New Shielding Functions to Enhance Privacy and Prevent Misuse of Biometric Templates , 2003, AVBPA.

[21]  G. Edward Suh,et al.  Extracting secret keys from integrated circuits , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems.

[22]  Dhruva Acharyya,et al.  A physical unclonable function defined using power distribution system equivalent resistance variations , 2009, 2009 46th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference.

[23]  Frank Sehnke,et al.  Policy Gradients for Cryptanalysis , 2010, ICANN.

[24]  Farinaz Koushanfar,et al.  FPGA Time-Bounded Unclonable Authentication , 2010, Information Hiding.