An Overview of the Urban Boundary Layer Atmosphere Network in Helsinki

The Helsinki Urban Boundary-Layer Atmosphere Network (UrBAN: http://urban.fmi.fi) is a dedicated research-grade observational network where the physical processes in the atmosphere above the city are studied. Helsinki UrBAN is the most poleward intensive urban research observation network in the world and thus will allow studying some unique features such as strong seasonality. The network's key purpose is for the understanding of the physical processes in the urban boundary layer and associated fluxes of heat, momentum, moisture, and other gases. A further purpose is to secure a research-grade database, which can be used internationally to validate and develop numerical models of air quality and weather prediction. Scintillometers, a scanning Doppler lidar, ceilometers, a sodar, eddy-covariance stations, and radiometers are used. This equipment is supplemented by auxiliary measurements, which were primarily set up for general weather and/or air-quality mandatory purposes, such as vertical soundings and t...

[1]  Jan Kleissl,et al.  Intercomparison of Sensible Heat Flux from Large Aperture Scintillometer and Eddy Covariance Methods: Field Experiment over a Homogeneous Semi-arid Region , 2010 .

[2]  G R Ochs,et al.  Fine calibration of large-aperture optical scintillometers and an optical estimate of inner scale of turbulence. , 1978, Applied optics.

[3]  Roy M. Harrison To whom correspondence should be addre Tele.  Atmospheric chemistry and physics in the atmosphere of a developed megacity (London): An overview of the REPARTEE experiment and its conclusions , 2011 .

[4]  J. Kukkonen,et al.  A Three-Step Method for Estimating the Mixing Height Using Ceilometer Data from the Helsinki Testbed , 2012 .

[5]  J. Kukkonen,et al.  Analysis and evaluation of selected local-scale PM10 air pollution episodes in four European cities: Helsinki, London, Milan and Oslo , 2005 .

[6]  Guy N. Pearson,et al.  Dual-Doppler Lidar Measurements for Improving Dispersion Models. , 2005 .

[7]  Michael Schatzmann,et al.  Meteorology applied to urban air pollution problems: COST 715 , 2001 .

[8]  R. M. Reynolds,et al.  Detailed Simulations of Atmospheric Flow and Dispersion in Downtown Manhattan: An Application of Five Computational Fluid Dynamics Models , 2006 .

[9]  Guy N. Pearson,et al.  An Analysis of the Performance of the UFAM Pulsed Doppler Lidar for Observing the Boundary Layer , 2009 .

[10]  Matthias Roth,et al.  Review of atmospheric turbulence over cities , 2007 .

[11]  Janet F. Barlow,et al.  Turbulent Flow at 190 m Height Above London During 2006–2008: A Climatology and the Applicability of Similarity Theory , 2010 .

[12]  Pasi Aalto,et al.  The urban measurement station SMEAR III: Continuous monitoring of air pollution and surface-atmosphere interactions in Helsinki, Finland , 2009 .

[13]  A. Lemonsu,et al.  Evaluation of the Town Energy Balance Model in Cold and Snowy Conditions during the Montreal Urban Snow Experiment 2005 , 2010 .

[14]  Jaakko Kukkonen,et al.  On the Temperature Structure Parameter and Sensible Heat Flux over Helsinki from Sonic Anemometry and Scintillometry , 2013 .

[15]  J. Noilhan,et al.  The urban boundary-layer field campaign in marseille (ubl/clu-escompte): set-up and first results , 2005 .

[16]  Ü. Rannik,et al.  Annual particle flux observations over a heterogeneous urban area , 2009 .

[17]  George Burba,et al.  Comparison of net CO 2 fl uxes measured with open-and closed-path infrared gas analyzers in an urban complex environment , 2009 .

[18]  Rex Britter,et al.  Dispersion experiments in central London: the 2007 DAPPLE project. , 2009 .

[19]  E. O'connor,et al.  A Technique for Autocalibration of Cloud Lidar , 2004 .

[20]  M. Friedl,et al.  A new map of global urban extent from MODIS satellite data , 2009 .

[21]  T. Hussein,et al.  The effect of local sources on aerosol particle number size distribution, concentrations and fluxes in Helsinki, Finland , 2013 .

[22]  R. G. Semonin,et al.  METROMEX: an Investigation of Inadvertent Weather Modification , 1971 .

[23]  B. Harvey,et al.  Overview and First Results of the Montreal Urban Snow Experiment 2005 , 2008 .

[24]  Dario Papale,et al.  Eddy Covariance: A Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis , 2012 .

[25]  Timothy R. Oke,et al.  An objective urban heat storage model and its comparison with other schemes , 1991 .

[26]  Timo Vesala,et al.  Fraction of natural area as main predictor of net CO2 emissions from cities , 2012 .

[27]  T. Vesala,et al.  Revised eddy covariance flux calculation methodologies – effect on urban energy balance , 2012 .

[28]  B. Brümmer,et al.  Observations And Modelling Of The On-Ice And Off-Ice Air Flow Over The Northern Baltic Sea , 2002 .

[29]  K. Allwine,et al.  Joint Urban 2003: Study Overview And Instrument Locations , 2006 .

[30]  Ari Karppinen,et al.  The Helsinki Testbed: A Mesoscale Measurement, Research, and Service Platform , 2011 .

[31]  O. Bergeron,et al.  Wintertime radiation and energy budget along an urbanization gradient in Montreal, Canada , 2012 .

[32]  J. Alder,et al.  Coastal Planning and Management , 2009 .

[33]  E. Nikinmaa,et al.  Seasonal and annual variation of carbon dioxide surface fluxes in Helsinki, Finland, in 2006–2010 , 2012 .

[34]  Mathias W. Rotach,et al.  Cost 715 Workshop on Urban Boundary Layer Parameterizations. , 2002 .

[35]  K. Lehtinen,et al.  Observing wind, aerosol particles, cloud and precipitation: Finland's new ground-based remote-sensing network , 2013 .

[36]  Oleg A. Krasnov,et al.  Continuous Evaluation of Cloud Profiles in Seven Operational Models Using Ground-Based Observations , 2007 .

[37]  Miikka Dal Maso,et al.  Long-term measurements of surface fluxes above a Scots pine forest in Hyytiälä, southern Finland, 1996-2001 , 2003 .

[38]  D. Sailor.  A review of methods for estimating anthropogenic heat and moisture emissions in the urban environment , 2011 .

[39]  Martin Gallagher,et al.  Boundary layer dynamics over London, UK, as observed using Doppler lidar during REPARTEE-II , 2011 .

[40]  Liisa Pirjola,et al.  Spatial and temporal characterization of traffic emissions in urban microenvironments with a mobile laboratory , 2012 .

[41]  Eero Nikinmaa,et al.  Surface–atmosphere interactions over complex urban terrain in Helsinki, Finland , 2008 .

[42]  Timo Vesala,et al.  Intra-City Variation in Urban Morphology and Turbulence Structure in Helsinki, Finland , 2013, Boundary-Layer Meteorology.

[43]  Michael Schatzmann,et al.  BUBBLE – an Urban Boundary Layer Meteorology Project , 2005 .

[44]  William P. Lowry,et al.  Empirical Estimation of Urban Effects on Climate: A Problem Analysis. , 1977 .

[45]  C. Kottmeier,et al.  The ESCOMPTE program: an overview , 2004 .

[46]  R. Uijlenhoet,et al.  Path-Average Rainfall Estimation from Optical Extinction Measurements Using a Large-Aperture Scintillometer , 2008 .

[47]  N. Mortensen,et al.  Production of the Finnish Wind Atlas , 2013 .

[48]  H. Timonen,et al.  High-performance anion-exchange chromatography–mass spectrometry method for determination of levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan in atmospheric fine particulate matter , 2010, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[49]  Ari Karppinen,et al.  Mixing height determination by ceilometer , 2005 .

[50]  E. Mårtensson,et al.  Eddy covariance measurements and parameterisation of traffic related particle emissions in an urban environment , 2005 .

[51]  X. Briottet,et al.  The Canopy and Aerosol Particles Interactions in TOulouse Urban Layer (CAPITOUL) experiment , 2008 .

[52]  C. Grimmond,et al.  Wind observations above an urban river using a new lidar technique, scintillometry and anemometry. , 2013, The Science of the total environment.

[53]  F. Beyrich,et al.  Developments in Scintillometry , 2009 .

[54]  Jaakko Kukkonen,et al.  A review of operational, regional-scale, chemical weather forecasting models in Europe , 2012 .

[55]  C. S. B. Grimmond,et al.  Progress in measuring and observing the urban atmosphere , 2006 .

[56]  Valéry Masson,et al.  A Physically-Based Scheme For The Urban Energy Budget In Atmospheric Models , 2000 .

[57]  I. Riipinen,et al.  Observation of regional new particle formation in the urban atmosphere , 2008 .