Earning trust and losing it: adolescents' views on trusting physicians.

OBJECTIVE To explore how adolescents with and without chronic illness perceive patient-physician trust and to identify physician behaviors related to these perceptions that might be modified to promote adolescent health care. METHODS Fifty-four adolescents recruited from the community (healthy subjects) and from hospital-based clinics (subjects with chronic illnesses) participated in 12 focus groups divided by age (11-14 or 15-19 years old), gender, and health status. Major themes related to preferred physician characteristics and trusting one's doctor were derived through a multistep, team-based qualitative analytic process. RESULTS Adolescents hold varied perspectives of trust in their physicians. They describe elements of patient-physician trust similarly to the comprehensive model developed with adults, including fidelity, confidentiality, competency, honesty, and a global perspective intersecting several of the more specific domains. However, adolescents differ in the relative importance of these dimensions. Younger adolescents express more concern about confidentiality of their health information, and adolescents with chronic illnesses are more interested in involving parents in their care than are adolescents without chronic illnesses. Examples of specific behaviors to improve trust include asking for adolescent's opinion, keeping private information confidential, not withholding information, and engaging in small talk to show concern. CONCLUSION Understanding the importance of trust and listening to recommendations about behaviors to improve it, in the words of the adolescents, may help physicians build positive relationships with their adolescent patients.