Characterizing daily urinary hormone profiles for women at midlife using functional data analysis.

The availability of daily hormone values for entire menstrual cycles offers an opportunity to apply new analytic techniques that confirm current knowledge and provide new insights into patterns of changing hormone profiles in women as they transition to the menopause. The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) collected urine samples during 1997-1999 from one menstrual cycle or up to 50 days from 848 women who live in seven cities across the United States. These samples were assayed for the urinary forms of estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. The authors used functional data analysis to study variability in the hormone patterns of 572 of the 848 pre- and early-perimenopausal women with evidence of a luteal transition. Functional data analysis enabled the authors to identify asymmetries in women's hormone patterns related to cycle length that are not captured with single hormone value comparisons. Longer cycles were characterized by increasing dyssynchrony between follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in the luteal phase.

[1]  James O. Ramsay,et al.  Applied Functional Data Analysis: Methods and Case Studies , 2002 .

[2]  J. Prior.  Perimenopause: the complex endocrinology of the menopausal transition. , 1998, Endocrine reviews.

[3]  C. Weinberg,et al.  Using the ratio of urinary oestrogen and progesterone metabolites to estimate day of ovulation. , 1991, Statistics in medicine.

[4]  D D Baird,et al.  Preimplantation urinary hormone profiles and the probability of conception in healthy women. , 1999, Fertility and sterility.

[5]  E. Diczfalusy,et al.  Hormonal profile of the cycle in 68 normally menstruating women. , 1980, Acta endocrinologica.

[6]  J. Hopper,et al.  Using longitudinal data to define the perimenopause by menstrual cycle characteristics. , 1998, Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society.

[7]  I. Cooke,et al.  Progressive changes in LH and FSH and LH: FSH ratio in women throughout reproductive life. , 1988, Maturitas.

[8]  S. Parker,et al.  Origins and consequences of the elongation of the human menstrual cycle during the menopausal transition: the FREEDOM Study. , 2004, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[9]  Hui Lin,et al.  Defining menopause status: creation of a new definition to identify the early changes of the menopausal transition , 2005, Menopause.

[10]  Charles E. Heckler,et al.  Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis , 2005, Technometrics.

[11]  S. Parker,et al.  Relationship between follicle-stimulating hormone levels at the beginning of the human menstrual cycle, length of the follicular phase and excreted estrogens: the FREEDOM study. , 2004, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[12]  S. Swan,et al.  Use of urine biomarkers to evaluate menstrual function in healthy premenopausal women. , 1998, American journal of epidemiology.

[13]  J. Kelsey,et al.  Menopause : biology and pathobiology , 2000 .

[14]  David Morganstein,et al.  SWAN: A Multicenter, Multiethnic, Community-Based Cohort Study of Women and the Menopausal Transition , 2000 .

[15]  S. Korenman,et al.  Hormonal characteristics of the human menstrual cycle throughout reproductive life. , 1975, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[16]  Daowen Zhang,et al.  Semiparametric Regression for Periodic Longitudinal Hormone Data from Multiple Menstrual Cycles , 2000, Biometrics.

[17]  Susanna J Park,et al.  Age-Related Changes in the Regulation of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion by Estrogen in Women , 2002, Experimental biology and medicine.

[18]  A. Holte,et al.  The endocrine transition around menopause ‐ a five years prospective study with profiles of gonadotropines, estrogens, androgens and SHBG among healthy women , 1999, Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica.

[19]  S. Crawford,et al.  Assessing menstrual cycles with urinary hormone assays. , 2003, American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism.

[20]  H. Burger,et al.  Age related changes in follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, oestradiol and immunoreactive inhibin in women of reproductive age , 1992, Clinical endocrinology.

[21]  A. Kassam,et al.  Identification of anovulation and transient luteal function using a urinary pregnanediol-3-glucuronide ratio algorithm. , 1996, Environmental health perspectives.

[22]  J. Randolph,et al.  Urinary Ovarian and Gonadotropin Hormone Levels in Premenopausal Women with Low Bone Mass , 1998, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[23]  References , 1971 .

[24]  H. Burger,et al.  Hormonal changes in the menopause transition. , 2002, Recent progress in hormone research.

[25]  D D Baird,et al.  Preimplantation hormonal differences between the conception and non-conception menstrual cycles of 32 normal women. , 1997, Human reproduction.

[26]  C. Weinberg,et al.  Urinary oestrogen patterns in long follicular phases. , 2000, Human reproduction.

[27]  C. Longcope.  Hormone Dynamics at the Menopause a , 1990, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[28]  G. Bolelli,et al.  Measurement of glucuronometabolites of 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone in diluted overnight urine. An approach to the study of luteal insufficiency. , 1987, Journal of steroid biochemistry.

[29]  M. Weinstein,et al.  Timing of menopause and patterns of menstrual bleeding. , 2003, American journal of epidemiology.

[30]  J. Raz,et al.  Semiparametric Stochastic Mixed Models for Longitudinal Data , 1998 .

[31]  Taussky Hh.  A microcolorimetric determination of creatine in urine by the Jaffe reaction. , 1954 .

[32]  Nanette Santoro,et al.  Reproductive hormones in the early menopausal transition: relationship to ethnicity, body size, and menopausal status. , 2003, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[33]  H. Taussky,et al.  A microcolorimetric determination of creatine in urine by the Jaffe reaction. , 1954, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[34]  Z. Rosenwaks,et al.  Variability of day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone levels in eumenorrheic women. , 1995, The Journal of reproductive medicine.

[35]  S. Muasher,et al.  Basal follicle-stimulating hormone level is a better predictor of in vitro fertilization performance than age. , 1991, Fertility and sterility.

[36]  S M McKinlay,et al.  Defining the perimenopause for application in epidemiologic investigations. , 1994, American journal of epidemiology.

[37]  Obesity in Adults,et al.  Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity , 2021, Obesity Prevention and Treatment.

[38]  I. Cooke,et al.  Hypothalamic‐pituitary ageing: progressive increase in FSH and LH concentrations throughout the reproductive life in regularly menstruating women * , 1994, Clinical endocrinology.

[39]  H. Burger,et al.  THE INVESTIGATION OF OVARIAN FUNCTION BY MEASUREMENT OF URINARY OESTROGEN AND PREGNANEDIOL EXCRETION , 1975, British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology.