Runway Assignment by Minimizing Emissions in Terminal Airspace

xes to runways, and taxi costs from runways to gates. This paper also includes details of mathematical formulations and the computation method of emissions. At the end of the paper, we provide a numerical example for planning landings and takeos at the Detroit international airport. The optimization results show that ight delays reduce as much as 44.7%, much greater than the runway sequence without runway assignment. Meanwhile, the emissions of optimal solution reduce as much as 25.4%. The proposed model for strategically planning terminal airspace operations is benecial to improve airport eciency and local environments.