Large‐Scale Chemical Sensor Arrays for Machine Olfaction

This chapter focuses on the fabrication of a large-scale chemical sensor array. There are three main classes of common sensor technologies such as metal-oxide gas sensors, piezoelectric sensors, and conducting polymer sensors that have been largely used in the electronic noses, and most of the commercial artificial systems. Conducting polymers sensors are discussed in detail. In fact, because of their features, they were considered the best option for building a unique artificial olfactory system able to mimic the biological system. The chapter deals with intrinsic conducting polymers that are doped with an electron-donating (p-type) or electron- withdrawing (n-type) species. The large-scale sensor array was built with the aim of mimicking the olfactory receptor neuron (ORNs) and generating real sensory inputs to be analyzed by algorithms directly abstracted from neuroscience models.

[1]  M. Santonico,et al.  Study of the aroma of artificially flavoured custards by chemical sensor array fingerprinting , 2008 .

[2]  Mahmud Fotuhi-Firuzabad,et al.  Reliability-based Selection of Wind Turbines for Large-Scale Wind Farms , 2009 .

[3]  Yuh Sung,et al.  A portable electronic nose system with chemiresistor sensors to detect and distinguish chemical warfare agents , 2009, 2009 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering.

[4]  Alan J. Heeger,et al.  Counter-ion induced processibility of conducting polyaniline , 1993 .

[5]  J. Gardner,et al.  Biomedical Engineering Online Open Access Bacteria Classification Using Cyranose 320 Electronic Nose , 2022 .

[6]  P. Moseley,et al.  Solid state gas sensors , 1997 .

[7]  M. K. Alam,et al.  Characterization of the ability of polymeric chemiresistor arrays to quantitate trichloroethylene using partial least squares (PLS): effects of experimental design, humidity, and temperature , 2003 .

[8]  Jiewen Zhao,et al.  Determination of pork spoilage by colorimetric gas sensor array based on natural pigments. , 2014, Food chemistry.

[9]  S. Marco,et al.  Biologically Inspired Signal Processing for Chemical Sensing , 2009 .

[10]  Udo Weimar,et al.  Work function changes in gas sensitive materials: Fundamentals and applications , 2009 .

[11]  A. Heeger,et al.  Counter-ion induced processibility of conducting polyaniline and of conducting polyblends of polyaniline in bulk polymers , 1992 .

[12]  Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna,et al.  Processing of chemical sensor arrays with a biologically inspired model of olfactory coding , 2006, IEEE Trans. Neural Networks.

[13]  A. Bermak,et al.  Fast and robust gas identification system using an integrated gas sensor technology and Gaussian mixture models , 2005, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[14]  P. Oikonomou,et al.  Chemocapacitor performance modeling by means of polymer swelling optical measurements , 2012 .

[15]  Ping Wang,et al.  A HYBRID ELECTRONIC NOSES' SYSTEM BASED ON MOS-SAW DETECTION UNITS INTENDED FOR LUNG CANCER DIAGNOSIS , 2012 .

[16]  Susan L. Rose-Pehrsson,et al.  Hybrid Arrays for Chemical Sensing , 2009 .

[17]  K. Persaud,et al.  Analysis of discrimination mechanisms in the mammalian olfactory system using a model nose , 1982, Nature.

[18]  Ida A. Casalinuovo,et al.  Application of Electronic Noses for Disease Diagnosis and Food Spoilage Detection , 2006, Sensors (Basel, Switzerland).

[19]  Jun Wang,et al.  Electronic nose technique potential monitoring mandarin maturity , 2006 .

[20]  Eduard Llobet,et al.  Development of high sensitivity ethanol gas sensors based on Pt-doped SnO2 surfaces , 2004 .

[21]  J. Zemel.  Future directions for thermal information sensors , 1996 .

[22]  J S Kauer,et al.  Imaging and coding in the olfactory system. , 2001, Annual review of neuroscience.

[23]  Shoji Kawahito,et al.  Flip-chip packaged CMOS chemical microsystem for detection of volatile organic compounds , 1998, Smart Structures.

[24]  Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna,et al.  A method for evaluating data-preprocessing techniques for odour classification with an array of gas sensors , 1999, IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part B.

[25]  Jiri Janata,et al.  Conducting polymers in electronic chemical sensors , 2003, Nature materials.

[26]  R. Paolesse,et al.  The exploitation of metalloporphyrins as chemically interactive material in chemical sensors , 1998 .

[27]  Y. Lo,et al.  Ammonia vapor sensor based on CdSe/SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles embedded in sol–gel matrix , 2013 .

[28]  Patrice Rannou,et al.  Processible conjugated polymers: from organic semiconductors to organic metals and superconductors , 2002 .

[29]  T. Someya,et al.  Conformable, flexible, large-area networks of pressure and thermal sensors with organic transistor active matrixes. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[30]  S. Nakanishi,et al.  Refinement of odor molecule tuning by dendrodendritic synaptic inhibition in the olfactory bulb. , 1995, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[31]  Jisun Im,et al.  A hybrid chemiresistive sensor system for the detection of organic vapors , 2011 .

[32]  K. Persaud,et al.  Electrical characterization of a pig odorant binding protein by Impedance Spectroscopy , 2009, Italian National Conference on Sensors.

[33]  E. Martinelli,et al.  Lung cancer identification by the analysis of breath by means of an array of non-selective gas sensors. , 2003, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[34]  N. Bârsan,et al.  Metal oxide-based gas sensor research: How to? , 2007 .

[35]  V. Mirsky,et al.  Chemiresistors based on conducting polymers: a review on measurement techniques. , 2011, Analytica chimica acta.

[36]  Jay W. Grate,et al.  Surface acoustic wave vapor sensors based on resonator devices , 1991 .

[37]  Yoshimasa Takahashi,et al.  Automated odor-sensing system based on plural semiconductor gas sensors and computerized pattern recognition techniques , 1987 .

[38]  Krishna C. Persaud,et al.  Polymers for chemical sensing , 2005 .

[39]  Annia García Pereira,et al.  Discrimination of storage shelf-life for mandarin by electronic nose technique , 2007 .

[40]  I. Lundström,et al.  A hybrid electronic tongue. , 2000 .

[41]  S. G. Nelson,et al.  High sensitivity surface plasmon resonace sensor based on phase detection , 1996 .

[42]  M. Santonico,et al.  Olfactory systems for medical applications , 2008 .

[43]  J. Bower,et al.  Olfactory cortex: model circuit for study of associative memory? , 1989, Trends in Neurosciences.

[44]  Substrate influence on the characteristics of interdigital-electrode gas sensors , 2009, 2009 6th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals and Devices.

[45]  Annia García Pereira,et al.  Monitoring storage shelf life of tomato using electronic nose technique , 2008 .

[46]  J. Stetter,et al.  Amperometric gas sensors. , 1993, Talanta.

[47]  S. Kurosawa,et al.  The synthetic moth: a neuromorphic approach toward artificial olfaction in robots , 1990 .

[48]  Jean-Pierre Rospars,et al.  Responses of single neurons and neuronal ensembles in frog first- and second-order olfactory neurons , 2013, Brain Research.

[49]  Banshi D. Gupta,et al.  Surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic hydrogen sulphide gas sensor utilizing nickel oxide doped ITO thin film , 2014 .

[50]  G. J. Maclay,et al.  An optical waveguide acid vapor sensor. , 1992, Talanta.

[51]  G M Shepherd,et al.  Principles of specificity and redundancy underlying the organization of the olfactory system , 1993, Microscopy research and technique.

[52]  Alphus D. Wilson,et al.  Applications and Advances in Electronic-Nose Technologies , 2009, Sensors.

[53]  K. Persaud,et al.  An approach to an artificial nose. , 1985, Transactions - American Society for Artificial Internal Organs.

[54]  Jiewen Zhao,et al.  Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds of Vinegars with Novel Electronic Nose System Combined with Multivariate Analysis , 2014, Food Analytical Methods.

[55]  R. Axel,et al.  A novel multigene family may encode odorant receptors: A molecular basis for odor recognition , 1991, Cell.

[56]  A. D. Wilson,et al.  Review of electronic-nose technologies and algorithms to detect hazardous chemicals in the environment , 2012 .

[57]  G M Shepherd,et al.  A Molecular Vocabulary for Olfaction a , 1987, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[58]  K. Potje-Kamloth.  Chemical Gas Sensors Based on Organic Semiconductor Polypyrrole , 2002 .

[59]  A. Ceccarini,et al.  Breath analysis: trends in techniques and clinical applications , 2005 .

[60]  P. Schulze Lammers,et al.  Online measurement of odorous gases close to the odour threshold with a QMB sensor system with an integrated preconcentration unit , 2003 .

[61]  Jay W. Grate,et al.  Chemical information from polymer-coated acoustic-wave sensor arrays , 1999, Optics East.

[62]  James A. Covington,et al.  An electronic nose employing dual-channel odour separation columns with large chemosensor arrays for advanced odour discrimination , 2009 .

[63]  Guilherme N M Ferreira,et al.  Acoustic wave biosensors: physical models and biological applications of quartz crystal microbalance. , 2009, Trends in biotechnology.

[64]  Alphus D. Wilson,et al.  Diverse Applications of Electronic-Nose Technologies in Agriculture and Forestry , 2013, Sensors.

[65]  Q. Zhang,et al.  Diagnosis of diabetes by image detection of breath using gas-sensitive LAPS. , 2000, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[66]  Linda B. Buck,et al.  Information coding in the olfactory system: Evidence for a stereotyped and highly organized epitope map in the olfactory bulb , 1994, Cell.

[67]  D. M. Snyder.  Optical phase-shift dynamics in surface-modified transparent polymers: Application of wavefront distortion analysis to refractive index (RI)-based sensor development , 2014 .

[68]  M. Gal,et al.  Enhanced optical detection of hydrogen using the excitation of surface plasmons in palladium , 1993 .

[69]  Rui Igreja,et al.  Dielectric response of interdigital chemocapacitors: The role of the sensitive layer thickness , 2006 .

[70]  Dimitrios Goustouridis,et al.  A miniaturized chemocapacitor system for the detection of volatile organic compounds , 2013 .

[71]  Li Rong,et al.  A novel method for wine analysis based on sensor fusion technique , 2000 .

[72]  L. Haberly,et al.  Parallel-distributed processing in olfactory cortex: new insights from morphological and physiological analysis of neuronal circuitry. , 2001, Chemical senses.

[73]  Changjun Hou,et al.  Discrimination of Chinese green tea according to varieties and grade levels using artificial nose and tongue based on colorimetric sensor arrays. , 2014, Food chemistry.

[74]  Naresh Magan,et al.  Potential of an electronic nose for the early detection and differentiation between Streptomyces in potable water , 2006 .

[75]  Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna,et al.  Increasing the separability of chemosensor array patterns with Hebbian/anti-Hebbian learning , 2006 .

[76]  N. Bârsan,et al.  Electronic nose: current status and future trends. , 2008, Chemical reviews.

[77]  A. D. Wilson,et al.  Theoretical and practical considerations for teaching diagnostic electronic-nose technologies to clinical laboratory technicians , 2012 .

[78]  A. D. Wilson.  Advanced methods for teaching electronic-nose technologies to diagnosticians and clinical laboratory technicians , 2012 .

[79]  Richard Axel,et al.  Topographic organization of sensory projections to the olfactory bulb , 1994, Cell.

[80]  M. K. Andrews,et al.  Conducting polymer sensors for monitoring aromatic hydrocarbons using an electronic nose , 2002 .

[81]  B. Kovács,et al.  Optical Ammonia Sensors for Environmental Applications , 2014 .

[82]  M. Benetti,et al.  Detection of odorant molecules via surface acoustic wave biosensor array based on odorant-binding proteins. , 2013, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[83]  Takamichi Nakamoto,et al.  Linking biological and artificial olfaction: biomimetic quartz crystal microbalance odor sensors , 2009 .

[84]  A. D'Amico,et al.  A comparison between an electronic nose and human olfaction in a selected case study , 1997, Proceedings of International Solid State Sensors and Actuators Conference (Transducers '97).

[85]  NADH-Fluorometric Biochemical Gas Sensor (Bio-Sniffer) for Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality , 2013, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[86]  Sergey S. Sarkisov,et al.  Colorimetric polymer-metal nanocomposite sensor of ammonia for the agricultural industry of confined animal feeding operations , 2013 .

[87]  Kengo Shimanoe,et al.  Influences of ball-milling time on gas-sensing properties of Co3O4-SnO2 composites , 2005 .

[88]  K. C. Persaud,et al.  Biomimetic Olfactory Sensors , 2012, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[89]  R. Beccherelli,et al.  Large-Scale Chemical Sensor Array Testing Biological Olfaction Concepts , 2012, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[90]  A. N. Samukhin,et al.  Variable range hopping in low-dimensional polymer structures , 2004 .

[91]  C Di Natale,et al.  Identification of melanoma with a gas sensor array , 2008, Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging.

[92]  Adele Sassella,et al.  Regioregular polythiophene field-effect transistors employed as chemical sensors , 2003 .

[93]  Arthur J. Epstein,et al.  Secondary doping in polyaniline , 1995 .

[94]  R. Moncrieff,et al.  An instrument for measuring and classifying odors. , 1961, Journal of applied physiology.

[95]  J. W. Gardner,et al.  Design of conducting polymer gas sensors: Modelling and experiment , 1993 .

[96]  Anders Lansner,et al.  Modeling the response of a population of olfactory receptor neurons to an odorant , 2009, Journal of Computational Neuroscience.

[97]  Yoshimasa Takahashi,et al.  Extended studies of the automated odor-sensing system based on plural semiconductor gas sensors with computerized pattern recognition techniques , 1988 .

[98]  Manuele Bernabei,et al.  Very Large Chemical Sensor Array for Mimicking Biological Olfaction , 2009 .

[99]  J. Kauer,et al.  Rapid analyte recognition in a device based on optical sensors and the olfactory system. , 1996, Analytical chemistry.

[100]  Yunjiang Rao,et al.  Graphene-coated microfiber Bragg grating for high-sensitivity gas sensing. , 2014, Optics letters.

[101]  Antonella Macagnano,et al.  Electronic nose and sensorial analysis: comparison of performances in selected cases , 1998 .

[102]  Danick Briand,et al.  A polymer gate FET sensor array for detecting organic vapours , 2001 .

[103]  Tommaso D'Alessio,et al.  Measurement errors in the scanning of piezoresistive sensors arrays , 1999 .

[104]  Ingemar Lundström,et al.  A hydrogen−sensitive MOS field−effect transistor , 1975 .

[105]  Manuele Bernabei,et al.  Design of a very large chemical sensor system for mimicking biological olfaction , 2010 .

[106]  P. Bartlett,et al.  Conducting polymer gas sensors Part III: Results for four different polymers and five different vapours , 1989 .

[107]  Alphus D. Wilson,et al.  Advances in Electronic-Nose Technologies Developed for Biomedical Applications , 2011, Sensors.

[108]  Nicolae Barsan,et al.  Semiconducting Metal Oxides Based Gas Sensors , 2013 .

[109]  A. Epstein,et al.  The concept of secondary doping as applied to polyaniline , 1994 .

[110]  Hybrid integration of microfabricated chemοcapacitor arrays with miniaturized read-out electronics towards low-power gas sensing module , 2011 .