The relationship between intestinal dysbiosis and multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease, characterized by the appearance of demyelinating lesions with inflammatory character in the CNS. Given the unpredictable evolution of the disease, numerous attempts have been initiated to find some pathogenic factors and by default targeted treatment methods. The intestinal microbiota of these patients is often significantly altered compared to the healthy population and given the complex connections between the intestine and the central nervous system, the idea of causality between dysbiosis and this condition was launched. The intestinal mucosa represents the interface between the external environment and the organism, so that it is considered the starting point of some local immunological processes but with systemic resonance, especially neurological. The classic medication scheme widely used to treat MS nowadays can also affect the integrity of the intestinal mucosa by breaking the fine balance at this level. Data from recent studies around the subject open new treatment opportunities around preserving the intestinal microbiota and strategies like vitamin A intake and fat-soluble vitamin D supplementation, probiotic complexes or faecalis microbiota transplantation appear more promising and easier to apply in daily clinical practice.

[1]  C. McMurran Correcting gut dysbiosis can ameliorate inflammation and promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis – No , 2021, Multiple sclerosis.

[2]  R. Mechelli,et al.  MAIT Cells and Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Diseases , 2021, Microorganisms.

[3]  D. G. Pinheiro,et al.  Detection of Dysbiosis and Increased Intestinal Permeability in Brazilian Patients with Relapsing–Remitting Multiple Sclerosis , 2021, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[4]  E. Zoetendal,et al.  Faecal Microbiota in Patients with Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction and Spinal Cord Injury or Multiple Sclerosis—A Systematic Review , 2021, Journal of clinical medicine.

[5]  H. Weiner,et al.  A One-Two Punch in the Gut May Trigger Multiple Sclerosis. , 2020, Immunity.

[6]  Yan Wang,et al.  Intermittent caloric restriction with a modified fasting-mimicking diet ameliorates autoimmunity and promotes recovery in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. , 2020, The Journal of nutritional biochemistry.

[7]  M. Hattori,et al.  Alterations of the gut ecological and functional microenvironment in different stages of multiple sclerosis , 2020, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[8]  Guoda Ma,et al.  Protection of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis , 2020, Mediators of inflammation.

[9]  F. Quintana,et al.  The Gut–CNS Axis in Multiple Sclerosis , 2020, Trends in Neurosciences.

[10]  S. Turroni,et al.  Alterations in Circulating Fatty Acid Are Associated With Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis , 2020, Frontiers in Immunology.

[11]  B. Hong,et al.  Gut commensals, dysbiosis, and immune response imbalance in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis , 2020, Multiple sclerosis.

[12]  P. Pérez-Matute,et al.  The influence of interferon β-1b on gut microbiota composition in patients with multiple sclerosis. , 2020, Neurologia.

[13]  S. Bungău,et al.  Diagnostic challenges in gastrointestinal infections , 2020, Romanian Journal of Military Medicine.

[14]  N. Grigoriadis,et al.  Microbiome in Multiple Sclerosis: Where Are We, What We Know and Do Not Know , 2020, Brain sciences.

[15]  J. Raes,et al.  Gut microbiome variation is associated to Multiple Sclerosis phenotypic subtypes , 2020, Annals of clinical and translational neurology.

[16]  S. Miyake,et al.  Gut dysbiosis and multiple sclerosis. , 2020, Clinical immunology.

[17]  J. Libbey,et al.  Role of diet in regulating the gut microbiota and multiple sclerosis. , 2020, Clinical immunology.

[18]  M. Schweizer,et al.  Gestational vitamin D and offspring risk of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2020, Annals of epidemiology.

[19]  E. Waubant,et al.  The multiple sclerosis gut microbiota: A systematic review. , 2020, Multiple sclerosis and related disorders.

[20]  M. Morshedi,et al.  Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review , 2019, Journal of Neuroinflammation.

[21]  H. DeLuca,et al.  UV light suppression of EAE (a mouse model of multiple sclerosis) is independent of vitamin D and its receptor , 2019, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[22]  Marco Gobbetti,et al.  The food-gut human axis: the effects of diet on gut microbiota and metabolome. , 2019, Current medicinal chemistry.

[23]  M. Cantorna,et al.  Vitamin A and vitamin D regulate the microbial complexity, barrier function, and the mucosal immune responses to ensure intestinal homeostasis , 2019, Critical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biology.

[24]  R. Reiter,et al.  Latitude, Vitamin D, Melatonin, and Gut Microbiota Act in Concert to Initiate Multiple Sclerosis: A New Mechanistic Pathway , 2018, Front. Immunol..

[25]  J. Bernhagen,et al.  Antibiotics protect against EAE by increasing regulatory and anti-inflammatory cells , 2018, Metabolic Brain Disease.

[26]  A. Reder,et al.  Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review , 2017, Neurology and Therapy.

[27]  Changhan Lee,et al.  Nutrition and fasting mimicking diets in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases and immunosenescence , 2017, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.

[28]  M. Farez Salt intake in multiple sclerosis: friend or foe? , 2016, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.

[29]  E. Waubant,et al.  Dietary salt intake and time to relapse in paediatric multiple sclerosis , 2016, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.

[30]  T. Morgan,et al.  A Diet Mimicking Fasting Promotes Regeneration and Reduces Autoimmunity and Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms. , 2016, Cell reports.

[31]  P. Yavari,et al.  Molecular Mechanisms of the Action of Vitamin A in Th17/Treg Axis in Multiple Sclerosis , 2015, Journal of Molecular Neuroscience.

[32]  Á. Gil,et al.  Modulation of immunity and inflammatory gene expression in the gut, in inflammatory diseases of the gut and in the liver by probiotics. , 2014, World journal of gastroenterology.

[33]  M. Sahraian,et al.  The effect of vitamin A supplementation on stimulated T-cell proliferation with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in patients with multiple sclerosis , 2012, Journal of neurosciences in rural practice.

[34]  Zhengqi Lu,et al.  Macrolide Antibiotics Aggravate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Inhibit Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase , 2009, Immunological investigations.

[35]  P. Riccio,et al.  Diet, Gut Microbiota, and Vitamins D + A in Multiple Sclerosis , 2017, Neurotherapeutics.