Preparation and characterization of chitosan/graphene oxide composites for the adsorption of Au(III) and Pd(II).

In this work, graphene oxide (GO) was firstly prepared, following by element analysis. Glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan (GCCS) and chitosan/graphene oxide (CSGO) composite with three different amounts of GO (5 wt%, 10 wt% and 15 wt%) were also prepared for the adsorption of Au(III) and Pd(II) in aqueous solution. The properties of the adsorbents were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and surface area analysis. Batch adsorption studies were carried out. The adsorption of Au(III) and Pd(II) onto CSGO composites was optimum at pH 3.0-5.0 for Au(III) and pH 3.0-4.0 for Pd(II), which was much wider than that of GCCS. The adsorption isotherms obeyed the Langmuir isotherm models for the adsorption of Au(III) and Pd(II). Chitosan with 5 wt% graphene oxide (CSGO(5)) composite had the largest adsorption capacity for Au(III) and Pd(II) compared with the other prepared adsorbents, where the maximum adsorption capacity were 1076.649 mg/g for Au(III) and 216.920 mg/g for Pd(II), respectively. The adsorption kinetics of Au(III) and Pd(II) onto CSGO(5) followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating that the chemical adsorption was the rate-limiting step. Thermodynamic parameters, such as Gibbs energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°), were calculated, showing that the adsorption of Au(III) and Pd(II) onto CSGO(5) were spontaneous, endothermic and feasible. The desorption studies of Au(III) and Pd(II) onto CSGO(5) showed that CSGO(5) can be used repeatedly without significantly changing its adsorption capacity and desorption percentage after 3 cycles. Besides CSGO(5) was successfully applied for the determination and separation of Au(III) and Pd(II) in ore samples.

[1]  C. M. Hasfalina,et al.  The Potential Use of Kenaf as a Bioadsorbent for the Removal of Copper and Nickel from Single and Binary Aqueous Solution , 2010 .

[2]  G. Yuvaraja,et al.  Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies on the biosorption of Cu(II) onto Trametes versicolor biomass , 2011 .

[3]  Xiaoming Yang,et al.  Well-dispersed chitosan/graphene oxide nanocomposites. , 2010, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[4]  G. Flynn,et al.  Structure and electronic properties of graphene nanoislands on Co(0001). , 2009, Nano letters.

[5]  R. Stoltenberg,et al.  Evaluation of solution-processed reduced graphene oxide films as transparent conductors. , 2008, ACS nano.

[6]  W. Pai,et al.  Adsorption of Single Platinum Atom on the Graphene Oxide: The Role of the Carbon Lattice , 2011 .

[7]  M. S. El-Shahawi,et al.  Retention profile, kinetics and sequential determination of selenium(IV) and (VI) employing 4,4'-dichlorodithizone immobilized-polyurethane foams. , 2005, Talanta.

[8]  L. Zhi,et al.  High yield production of graphene and its improved property in detecting heavy metal ions , 2011 .

[9]  P. Mahanta,et al.  Preconcentration of traces of gold, silver and palladium on activated carbon and its determination in geological samples by flame AAS after wet ashing. , 2001, Talanta.

[10]  K. Ihara,et al.  The separation of aluminum(III) ions from the aqueous solution on membrane filter using Alizarin Yellow R. , 2008, Talanta.

[11]  K. Elwakeel.  Environmental Application of Chitosan Resins for the Treatment of Water and Wastewater: A Review , 2010 .

[12]  Shuzhen Zhang,et al.  Adsorption of chromium(III) on lignin. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[13]  M. Corazza,et al.  Cellulose microfiber functionalized with N,N'-bis (2-aminoethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine as a solid sorbent for the fast preconcentration of Cd(II) in flow system analysis. , 2011, Talanta.

[14]  A. Donia,et al.  Recovery of gold(III) and silver(I) on a chemically modified chitosan with magnetic properties , 2007 .

[15]  Hitoshi Sashiwa,et al.  Chemically modified chitin and chitosan as biomaterials , 2004 .

[16]  A. Avcı,et al.  Process optimization for Cr(VI) adsorption onto activated carbons by experimental design , 2011 .

[17]  Ibrahim Dauda Muhammad,et al.  Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of chitosan solutions against apricot fruit rot pathogen Burkholderia seminalis. , 2011, Carbohydrate research.

[18]  T. Shahwan,et al.  Sorption of As(V) from waters using chitosan and chitosan-immobilized sodium silicate prior to atomic spectrometric determination. , 2010, Talanta.

[19]  Y. Guan,et al.  Colorimetric determination of copper(II) ions by filtration on sol-gel membrane doped with diphenylcarbazide. , 2011, Talanta.

[20]  M. Soylak,et al.  Coprecipitation of heavy metals with erbium hydroxide for their flame atomic absorption spectrometric determinations in environmental samples. , 2005, Talanta.

[21]  P. Alcouffe,et al.  Micron range morphology of physical chitosan hydrogels. , 2010, Langmuir.

[22]  K. Lam,et al.  Precious metal recovery by selective adsorption using biosorbents. , 2011, Journal of hazardous materials.

[23]  Y. Ho,et al.  Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes , 1999 .

[24]  Q. Jia,et al.  Determination of Cu, Zn, Mn, and Pb by microcolumn packed with multiwalled carbon nanotubes on-line coupled with flame atomic absorption spectrometry , 2009 .

[25]  E. Guibal,et al.  Interactions of metal ions with chitosan-based sorbents: a review , 2004 .

[26]  M. Dinu,et al.  Preparation and characterization of novel composites based on chitosan and clinoptilolite with enhanced adsorption properties for Cu2+. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[27]  Jianhui Zhang,et al.  Synthesis of chemically modified chitosan with 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiodiazole and its adsorption abilities for Au(III), Pd(II), and Pt(IV) , 2009 .

[28]  X. Shan,et al.  Adsorption of metal ions on lignin. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[29]  Qinglin Zhang,et al.  Fast and Considerable Adsorption of Methylene Blue Dye onto Graphene Oxide , 2011, Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[30]  A. Imyim,et al.  Multi-element preconcentration of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by APDC impregnated activated carbon. , 2005, Talanta.

[31]  A. Uheida,et al.  Study of the Sorption and Separation Abilities of Commercial Solid‐Phase Extraction (SPE) Cartridge Oasis MAX Towards Au(III), Pd(II), Pt(IV), and Rh(III) , 2006 .

[32]  Zheng Hu,et al.  Selective solid-phase extraction of trace Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(IV) using activated carbon modified with 2,6-diaminopyridine , 2011 .

[33]  I. Langmuir.  THE ADSORPTION OF GASES ON PLANE SURFACES OF GLASS, MICA AND PLATINUM. , 1918 .

[34]  C. Futalan,et al.  Adsorptive removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions using non-crosslinked and crosslinked chitosan-coated bentonite beads , 2011 .

[35]  J. N. Petersen,et al.  Size changes associated with metal adsorption onto modified bone gelatin beads , 1991, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[36]  M. Subramanian,et al.  Selective enrichment of U(VI), Th(IV) and La(III) from high acidic streams using a new chelating ion-exchange polymeric matrix. , 2004, Talanta.

[37]  S. Kushwaha,et al.  Adsorption of mercury(II), methyl mercury(II) and phenyl mercury(II) on chitosan cross-linked with a barbital derivative , 2011 .

[38]  P. Vasudevan,et al.  Study on biosorption of Cr(VI) by Mucor hiemalis , 2005 .

[39]  M. Soylak,et al.  Coprecipitation of gold(III), palladium(II) and lead(II) for their flame atomic absorption spectrometric determinations. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[40]  Zucheng Wu,et al.  Removal of metal ions from electroplating effluent by EDI process and recycle of purified water , 2007 .

[41]  Klaus Kern,et al.  Elastic properties of chemically derived single graphene sheets. , 2008, Nano letters.

[42]  N. Das,et al.  Recovery of precious metals through biosorption: A review , 2010 .

[43]  Ick Chan Kwon,et al.  Targeted delivery of low molecular drugs using chitosan and its derivatives. , 2010, Advanced drug delivery reviews.