13.8 kV Operation of a Peak-Shaving Energy Storage Equipment With Voltage Harmonics Compensation Feature

This paper presents the development and operation on 13.8kV distribution systems of a peak-shaving equipment with battery energy storage. This equipment injects active power to grid during peak times (when the cost of energy is higher) and charges its battery banks from the grid at the off-peak times (when the energy has a low producing cost). The equipment is based on a multilevel converter coupled to the grid through a 2.4kV:13.8kV transformer. In addition to the peak-shaving functionality, a feature of compensation of harmonics on the distribution voltage is included, without the need for any extra sensor nor hardware (apart from the ones already in use for the peak-shaving). The compensation of voltage harmonics is performed through the emulation of a harmonic resistance in order to damp resonances between system impedances that are excited by non-linear loads. This approach is very appealing to distribution systems, where the non-linear loads are not accessible and are scattered. Experimental results obtained on a 13.8kV test substation are presented.

[1]  Kashem M. Muttaqi,et al.  High Temperature Superconducting Devices and Renewable Energy Resources in Future Power Grids: A Case Study , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[2]  Timothy C. Green,et al.  Harmonic mitigation throughout a distribution system: a distributed-generator-based solution , 2006 .

[3]  Moses Amoasi Acquah,et al.  Real-Time Demand Side Management Algorithm Using Stochastic Optimization , 2018 .

[4]  Ahmed M. A. Haidar,et al.  A comprehensive review of synchronization methods for grid-connected converters of renewable energy source , 2016 .

[5]  Taha Selim Ustun,et al.  Comparative Review of Energy Storage Systems, Their Roles, and Impacts on Future Power Systems , 2019, IEEE Access.

[6]  Eklas Hossain,et al.  Analysis and Mitigation of Power Quality Issues in Distributed Generation Systems Using Custom Power Devices , 2018, IEEE Access.

[7]  Alzenira da Rosa Abaide,et al.  Analysis of the electricity tariffs in Brazil in light of the current behavior of the consumers , 2018, 2018 53rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC).

[8]  William F. Pickard,et al.  The History, Present State, and Future Prospects of Underground Pumped Hydro for Massive Energy Storage , 2012, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[9]  Brian Vad Mathiesen,et al.  A review of computer tools for analysing the integration of renewable energy into various energy systems , 2010 .

[10]  Hirofumi Akagi,et al.  New trends in active filters for power conditioning , 1996 .

[11]  Pablo Moreno-Torres,et al.  Fast Energy Storage Systems Comparison in Terms of Energy Efficiency for a Specific Application , 2018, IEEE Access.

[12]  Erik Leandro Bonaldi,et al.  IMPLEMENTATION OF HARMONIC PROPAGATION DAMPING FEATURE ON A STORAGE AND GRID SUPPORT EQUIPMENT , 2018 .

[13]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Review of Energy Storage System Technologies in Microgrid Applications: Issues and Challenges , 2018, IEEE Access.

[14]  Kamal Al-Haddad,et al.  Design procedure for an Active Resonance Damper , 2010, IECON 2010 - 36th Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[15]  Srdjan M. Lukic,et al.  Energy Storage Systems for Transport and Grid Applications , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[16]  F. Blaabjerg,et al.  Detection is key - Harmonic detection methods for active power filter applications , 2007, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine.

[17]  K. Wada,et al.  Considerations of a shunt active filter based on voltage detection for installation on a long distribution feeder , 2001, Conference Record of the 2001 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. 36th IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.01CH37248).

[18]  D. G. Holmes,et al.  Stationary frame harmonic reference generation for active filter systems , 2002 .

[19]  Bimal K. Bose,et al.  A Digital PLL Scheme for Three-Phase System Using Modified Synchronous Reference Frame , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[20]  Kamal Al-Haddad,et al.  Modeling and active damping of harmonic propagation on electric distribution systems , 2009, 2009 IEEE Electrical Power & Energy Conference (EPEC).

[21]  Hirofumi Akagi,et al.  Implementation and performance of automatic gain adjustment in a shunt-active filter for harmonic damping throughout a power distribution system , 2002 .

[22]  G.L. Torres,et al.  13.8 kV series active power filter implementation using a noise-tolerant algorithm , 2004, 2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37551).

[23]  Erik Leandro Bonaldi,et al.  Development and 24 Hour Behavior Analysis of a Peak-Shaving Equipment with Battery Storage , 2019, Energies.

[24]  Vijay Vittal,et al.  Break-even points of battery energy storage systems for peak shaving applications , 2017 .

[25]  Yun Wei Li,et al.  Analysis and Mitigation of Resonance Propagation in Grid-Connected and Islanding Microgrids , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[26]  Georgios Konstantinou,et al.  A Review of Power Electronics for Grid Connection of Utility-Scale Battery Energy Storage Systems , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[27]  Goran Strbac,et al.  Demand side management: Benefits and challenges ☆ , 2008 .

[28]  Yoash Levron,et al.  Battery Storage Technologies for Electrical Applications: Impact in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems , 2017 .

[29]  Yufei Li,et al.  Generalized Theory of Phase-Shifted Carrier PWM for Cascaded H-Bridge Converters and Modular Multilevel Converters , 2016, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[30]  Thanh-Nam Le,et al.  Active damping of resonances in power systems , 1994 .

[31]  Bahman Shabani,et al.  Hydrogen as a Long-Term Large-Scale Energy Storage Solution to Support Renewables , 2018, Energies.

[32]  Hans Bernhoff,et al.  Flywheel Energy Storage for Automotive Applications , 2015 .

[33]  Yun Wei Li,et al.  Distribution System Harmonic Compensation Methods: An Overview of DG-Interfacing Inverters , 2014, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine.

[34]  Bin Wu,et al.  High-Power Converters and AC Drives , 2006 .

[35]  Alben Cardenas,et al.  Local Estimation of Critical and Off-Peak Periods for Grid-Friendly Flexible Load Management , 2020, IEEE Systems Journal.

[36]  Dan Wang,et al.  Overview of Compressed Air Energy Storage and Technology Development , 2017 .

[37]  Erik Leandro Bonaldi,et al.  Implementation of Automatic Battery Charging Temperature Compensation on a Peak-Shaving Energy Storage Equipment , 2019, 2019 IEEE 15th Brazilian Power Electronics Conference and 5th IEEE Southern Power Electronics Conference (COBEP/SPEC).

[38]  Fang Zheng Peng,et al.  Application issues of active power filters , 1998 .

[39]  Donald Grahame Holmes,et al.  Stationary frame harmonic reference generation for active filter systems , 2002, APEC. Seventeenth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (Cat. No.02CH37335).

[40]  C. Y. Yen,et al.  Residential photovoltaic energy storage system , 1998, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron..

[41]  Tzung-Lin Lee,et al.  Discrete Frequency-Tuning Active Filter to Suppress Harmonic Resonances of Closed-Loop Distribution Power Systems , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[42]  C. Marinescu,et al.  A look at the role and main topologies of battery energy storage systems for integration in autonomous microgrids , 2010, 2010 12th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment.

[43]  William F. Pickard,et al.  Massive Electricity Storage for a Developed Economy of Ten Billion People , 2015, IEEE Access.

[44]  Andreas Jossen,et al.  Lithium-Ion Battery Storage for the Grid—A Review of Stationary Battery Storage System Design Tailored for Applications in Modern Power Grids , 2017 .