Nutrient Transport and Recycling by Consumers in Lake Food Webs: Implications for Algal Communities

Ecologists have recently focused much attention on quantifying the strengths and relative importance of resource-based (bottom-up) and predator-based (top-down) forces in food webs (e.g., Hunter and Price (1992), Power (1992), and Strong (1992)). Resource abundance and quality can have strong effects on the composition and dynamics of food webs, particularly primary producer assemblages (Tilman, 1982). Predators also have strong influences on lower trophic levels. Top predators in food webs may regulate the abundance of species at lower trophic levels; when the effects of top predators extend through the food web all the way to the primary producers the result is called a trophic cascade effect (Paine, 1980; Carpenter et al., 1985, 1987; McQueen et al., 1986; Power, 1990; Vanni et al., 1990).

[1]  O. Sarnelle.  Contrasting effects of Daphnia on ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus in a eutrophic, hard‐water lake , 1992 .

[2]  S. Carpenter,et al.  Food Web Structure and Phosphorus Cycling in Lakes , 1993 .

[3]  D. Strayer,et al.  Spatial Heterogeneity and Habitat Interactions in Lake Communities , 1988 .

[4]  Gene E. Likens,et al.  A Cross-System Study of Phosphorus Release from Lake Sediments , 1991 .

[5]  Stephen R. Carpenter,et al.  Resilience and Resistance of a Lake Phosphorus Cycle Before and After Food Web Manipulation , 1992, The American Naturalist.

[6]  G. Likens,et al.  New and recycled primary production in an oligotrophic lake: Insights for summer phosphorus dynamics , 1992 .

[7]  W. C. Leggett,et al.  The Role of Fishes in the Regulation of Phosphorus Availability in Lakes , 1980 .

[8]  N. Caraco.  Disturbance of the phosphorus cycle: A case of indirect effects of human activity. , 1993, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[9]  G. Mittelbach,et al.  Trophic Relations and Ontogenetic Niche Shifts in Aquatic Ecosystems , 1988 .

[10]  J. Elser,et al.  Zooplankton effects on phytoplankton in lakes of contrasting trophic status , 1991 .

[11]  T. E. Wissing,et al.  Selection and digestive efficiencies of gizzard shad feeding on natural detritus and two laboratory diets , 1988 .

[12]  Stephen R. Carpenter,et al.  Destabilization of Planktonic Ecosystems and Blooms of Blue-Green Algae , 1992 .

[13]  J. Meyer,et al.  Tissue condition and growth rate of corals associated with schooling fish1 , 1985 .

[14]  D. Schindler.  Nutrient regeneration by sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fry and subsequent effects on zooplankton and phytoplankton , 1992 .

[15]  M. Vanni,et al.  NUTRIENT RECYCLING AND HERBIVORY AS MECHANISMS IN THE “TOP–DOWN” EFFECT OF FISH ON ALGAE IN LAKES , 1997 .

[16]  S. Fretwell,et al.  The Regulation of Plant Communities by the Food Chains Exploiting Them , 2015 .

[17]  M. Vanni,et al.  Trophic cascades and phytoplankton community structure , 1990 .

[18]  K. Winemiller.  Spatial and Temporal Variation in Tropical Fish Trophic Networks , 1990 .

[19]  D. M. Nelson,et al.  INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PULSED NUTRIENT SUPPLIES AND A PHOTOCYCLE AFFECT PHYTOPLANKTON COMPETITION FOR LIMITING NUTRIENTS IN LONG‐TERM CULTURE 1 , 1988 .

[20]  J. Barko,et al.  Littoral‐pelagic phosphorus dynamics during nighttime convective circulation , 1991 .

[21]  L. Oksanen,et al.  Exploitation Ecosystems in Gradients of Primary Productivity , 1981, The American Naturalist.

[22]  M. Power,et al.  TOP-DOWN AND BOTTOM-UP FORCES IN FOOD WEBS: DO PLANTS HAVE PRIMACY? , 1992 .

[23]  V. Smith,et al.  Low Nitrogen to Phosphorus Ratios Favor Dominance by Blue-Green Algae in Lake Phytoplankton , 1983, Science.

[24]  D. L. DeAngelis,et al.  Dynamics of Nutrient Cycling and Food Webs , 1992, Population and Community Biology Series.

[25]  S. Heinrichs.  Ontogenetic changes in the digestive tract of the larval gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum. , 1982, Transactions of the American Microscopical Society.

[26]  John R. Post,et al.  Trophic Relationships in Freshwater Pelagic Ecosystems , 1986 .

[27]  J. Magnuson,et al.  Effects on lower trophic levels of massive fish mortality , 1990, Nature.

[28]  Robert J. Naiman,et al.  Alteration of North American streams by beaver , 1988 .

[29]  S. Carpenter,et al.  Trophic cascade and biomanipulation: Interface of research and management‐A reply to the comment by DeMelo et al , 1992 .

[30]  Lennart Persson,et al.  Size-Structured Populations , 1988, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[31]  Stephen R. Carpenter,et al.  Cascading Trophic Interactions and Lake Productivity , 1985 .

[32]  J. Barko,et al.  Mobilization of sediment phosphorus by submersed freshwater macrophytes , 1980 .

[33]  J. Elser.  PHYTOPLANKTON DYNAMICS AND THE ROLE OF GRAZERS IN CASTLE LAKE, CALIFORNIA' , 1992 .

[34]  M. A. Leibold,et al.  Resource Edibility and the Effects of Predators and Productivity on the Outcome of Trophic Interactions , 1989, The American Naturalist.

[35]  R. Sterner.  The Role of Grazers in Phytoplankton Succession , 1989 .

[36]  T. E. Wissing,et al.  Effect of Water Temperature on Food Evacuation Rate and Feeding Activity of Age-0 Gizzard Shad , 1987 .

[37]  L. Oksanen.  Ecosystem Organization: Mutualism and Cybernetics or Plain Darwinian Struggle for Existence? , 1988, The American Naturalist.

[38]  Ulrich Sommer,et al.  Plankton ecology, succession in plankton communities , 1989 .

[39]  Tom Andersen,et al.  Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of freshwater zooplankton , 1991 .

[40]  C. D. Sandgren,et al.  Species‐specific rates of growth and grazing loss among freshwater algae , 1985 .

[41]  Nancy Huntly,et al.  Pocket gophers in ecosystems: patterns and mechanisms , 1988 .

[42]  A. Jensen,et al.  Algal Competition for Phosphorus: The Influence of Zooplankton and Fish , 1986 .

[43]  Stephen R. Carpenter,et al.  Complex Interactions in Lake Communities , 2011, Springer New York.

[44]  J. Shapiro,et al.  Nutrient reduction by biomanipulation: An unexpected phenomenon and its possible cause: With 4 figures and 1 table in the text , 1984 .

[45]  M. Vanni,et al.  Regeneration of nitrogen and phosphorus by bluegill and gizzard shad: effect of feeding history , 1995 .

[46]  J. Detling,et al.  Ecological Consequences of Prairie Dog Disturbances , 1988 .

[47]  Lennart Persson,et al.  Predator Regulation and Primary Production Along the Productivity Gradient of Temperate Lake Ecosystems , 1988 .

[48]  J. Morell,et al.  Nitrate release by Caribbean reef sponges , 1988 .

[49]  B. Menge,et al.  Community Regulation: Variation in Disturbance, Competition, and Predation in Relation to Environmental Stress and Recruitment , 1987, The American Naturalist.

[50]  D. Tilman.  Resource competition and community structure. , 1983, Monographs in population biology.

[51]  S. Carpenter,et al.  Regulation of Lake Primary Productivity by Food Web Structure. , 1987, Ecology.

[52]  J. Barko,et al.  Analysis of summer phosphorus fluxes within the pelagic zone of Eau Galle Reservoir, Wisconsin , 1993 .

[53]  J. Meyer,et al.  Fish Schools: An Asset to Corals , 1983, Science.

[54]  D. DeAngelis,et al.  Effects of Nutrient Recycling and Food-Chain Length on Resilience , 1989, The American Naturalist.

[55]  J. Meyer,et al.  Migrating haemulid fishes as a source of nutrients and organic matter on coral reefs1 , 1985 .

[56]  R. Stein,et al.  Complex interactions between fish and zooplankton : quantifying the role of an open-water planktivore , 1992 .

[57]  Åge Brabrand,et al.  Relative Importance of Phosphorus Supply to Phytoplankton Production: Fish Excretion versus External Loading , 1990 .

[58]  R. Sterner.  The Ratio of Nitrogen to Phosphorus Resupplied by Herbivores: Zooplankton and the Algal Competitive Arena , 1990, The American Naturalist.

[59]  M. Hunter,et al.  Playing Chutes and Ladders: Heterogeneity and the Relative Roles of Bottom‐Up and Top‐Down Forces in Natural Communities , 1992, Ecology.

[60]  C. Kraft.  Estimates of Phosphorus and Nitrogen Cycling by Fish Using a Bioenergetics Approach , 1992 .

[61]  G. Likens,et al.  A very imbalanced nutrient budget for Mirror Lake, New Hampshire, U.S.A.: With 1 figure and 1 table in the text , 1988 .

[62]  M. Naud,et al.  Diel onshore–offshore migrations in northern redbelly dace, Phoxinus eos (Cope), in relation to prey distribution in a small oligotrophic lake , 1988 .

[63]  Stephen R. Carpenter,et al.  Consumer Control of Lake ProductivityLarge-scale experimental manipulations reveal complex interactions among lake organisms , 1988 .

[64]  B. Megrey,et al.  Aspects of the Feeding Ecology of Gizzard Shad in Acton Lake, Ohio , 1981 .

[65]  Ulrich Sommer,et al.  The Role of Competition for Resources in Phytoplankton Succession , 1989 .

[66]  Donald R. Strong,et al.  ARE TROPHIC CASCADES ALL WET? DIFFERENTIATION AND DONOR-CONTROL IN SPECIOSE ECOSYSTEMS' , 1992 .

[67]  S. Carpenter,et al.  Zooplankton‐mediated transitions between N‐ and P‐limited algal growth1 , 1988 .

[68]  D. McQueen,et al.  Biomanipulation : hit or myth ? , 1992 .

[69]  H. William Hunt,et al.  Influence of Productivity on the Stability of Real and Model Ecosystems , 1993, Science.

[70]  R. Sterner.  Herbivores' Direct and Indirect Effects on Algal Populations , 1986, Science.

[71]  John H. Lawton,et al.  ARE FOOD WEBS DIVIDED INTO COMPARTMENTS , 1980 .

[72]  J. T. Lehman.  Release and cycling of nutrients between planktonic algae and herbivores1 , 1980 .

[73]  L. Slobodkin,et al.  Community Structure, Population Control, and Competition , 1960, The American Naturalist.

[74]  Robert W. Sterner,et al.  Stoichiometric relationships among producers, consumers and nutrient cycling in pelagic ecosystems , 1992 .

[75]  S. Carpenter,et al.  Biotic feedbacks in Lake phosphorus cycles. , 1992, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[76]  Jonathan J. Cole,et al.  Comparative Analyses of Ecosystems: Patterns, Mechanisms, and Theories , 1991 .

[77]  Candace A. Oviatt,et al.  Effects of the Spawning Migration of the Alewife, Alosa Pseudoharengus, on Freshwater Ecosystems , 1979 .

[78]  C. Boyd,et al.  Concentrations of Selected Elements and Ash in Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and Certain other Freshwater Fish , 1978 .

[79]  G. Fahnenstiel,et al.  Small-scale nutrient patchiness: Some consequences and a new encounter mechanism' , 1984 .

[80]  The Fishes of Ohio , 1958 .

[81]  M. Power,et al.  Effects of Fish in River Food Webs , 1990, Science.

[82]  J. C. Goldman,et al.  Growth rate influence on the chemical composition of phytoplankton in oceanic waters , 1979, Nature.

[83]  N. Mundahl.  Sediment processing by gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur), in Acton Lake, Ohio, U.S.A. , 1991 .