NMR-Tomography and -Spectroscopy in Medicine: An Introduction

1 Potential Medical Applications of the NMR Technique.- 2 Basic Principles of NMR Spectroscopy.- 2.1 The NMR Experiment.- 2.2 The Chemical Shift.- 2.3 Line Width and Relaxation.- 2.4 Acquisition of the NMR Signal.- 2.5 Design of a Whole-Body NMR System.- 3 NMR Spectroscopy in Intact Biologic Systems.- 3.1 In Vivo 1H-NMR Spectroscopy.- 3.2 In Vivo 13C-NMR Spectroscopy.- 3.3 In Vivo 31P-NMR Spectroscopy.- 4 NMR Tomography.- 4.1 Basic Principles of NMR Imaging.- 4.2 Image Reconstruction.- 4.2.1 Selecting an Image Plane.- 4.2.2 Image Reconstruction by Back Projection.- 4.2.3 Image Reconstruction by Two-dimensional Fourier Transformation.- 4.3 Measurement of Relaxation Times.- 4.3.1 Spin-Lattice Relaxation Time T1.- 4.3.2 Spin-Spin Relaxation Time T2.- 4.4 Data Acquisition Strategies in NMR Tomography.- 4.5 The NMR Tomogram.- 4.5.1 Tissue Properties Which Affect the Image.- 4.5.2 Pertinent Imaging Parameters.- 4.5.3 Effects of Flow.- 4.5.4 NMR Contrast Media.- 4.5.5 Imaging Time.- 4.5.6 NMR Tomography of Elements Other than Hydrogen.- 4.6 Examples of the First Applications of NMR Tomography.- 4.6.1 Head.- 4.6.2 Torso.- 4.7 Health Risks of NMR Tomography.- 4.7.1 Physiologic Effects of Magnetic and Radiofrequency Fields.- 4.7.2 Risks from Metallic Implants.- 4.7.3 Safety Recommendations.- 5 Outlook.- Appendix A The NMR Experiment in the Rotating Coordinate System.- Appendix B Glossary.- 6 Addendum.- 7 Subject Index.