Modeling and Stability Analysis of $LCL$ -Type Grid-Connected Inverters: A Comprehensive Overview

Due to the advantages of superior harmonics attenuation ability and reduced size, the LCL filter has been widely adopted to interface between the inverter and the grid for improving the quality of injected grid currents. However, the high-order characteristics and various constraints of the LCL filter complicate the filter design. Moreover, the stability of the internal current control loop of the individual inverter is susceptible to the inherent LCL -filter resonance peak. Meanwhile, the overall system stability would be aggravated by the external interactions between the inverter and the weak grid as well as among the paralleled inverters. Both the LCL -filter resonance peak and two types of interaction would cause severely distorted grid currents. Motivated by the existing problems, a comprehensive review on the modeling and stability analysis of the LCL -type grid-connected inverters is conducted in this paper. Concretely, the generalized parameter constraints of the LCL filter are outlined to facilitate the passive components selection, and the magnetic integration techniques of filter inductors are also introduced to reduce the weight and size of filter for increasing the power density of the system. Then, the various damping methods for enhancing the individual internal stability and the relevant application issues are also discussed. Furthermore, the impedance-based method for evaluating the system-level interactive stability is subsequently reviewed, with the emphasis on different modeling methods of inverter output impedance and online impedance measurement techniques. Finally, the future research trends on the modeling and stability analysis of LCL -type grid-connected inverters are also presented.

[1]  Rui Li,et al.  Influence of Delay on System Stability and Delay Optimization of Grid-Connected Inverters With LCL Filter , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[2]  Xinbo Ruan,et al.  An Adaptive Active Damper for Improving the Stability of Grid-Connected Inverters Under Weak Grid , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[3]  Tuomas Messo,et al.  MIMO-Identification Techniques for Rapid Impedance-Based Stability Assessment of Three-Phase Systems in DQ Domain , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[4]  Ahmed Al-Durra,et al.  $LCL$ Filter Design and Performance Analysis for Grid-Interconnected Systems , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[5]  Steffan Hansen,et al.  Investigation of Active Damping Approaches for PI-Based Current Control of Grid-Connected Pulse Width Modulation Converters With LCL Filters , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[6]  Jonatan Roberto Fischer,et al.  Inverter-Side Current Control of Grid-Connected Voltage Source Inverters With LCL Filter Based on Generalized Predictive Control , 2018, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[7]  S. Ponnaluri,et al.  Generalized system design and analysis of PWM based power electronic converters , 2000, Conference Record of the 2000 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. Thirty-Fifth IAS Annual Meeting and World Conference on Industrial Applications of Electrical Energy (Cat. No.00CH37129).

[8]  Andoni Urtasun,et al.  Robust multisampled capacitor voltage active damping for grid-connected power converters , 2019, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems.

[9]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Grid-Current-Feedback Control for LCL-Filtered Grid Converters With Enhanced Stability , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[10]  Yan Zhang,et al.  An Enhanced Control Strategy for Multiparalleled Grid-Connected Single-Phase Converters With Load Harmonic Current Compensation Capability , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[11]  Xinbo Ruan,et al.  Design Considerations of Digitally Controlled LCL-Filtered Inverter With Capacitor- Current-Feedback Active Damping , 2014, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[12]  An Luo,et al.  Optimized design method for grid-current-feedback active damping to improve dynamic characteristic of LCL-type grid-connected inverter , 2018 .

[13]  Christian Wessels,et al.  Limitations of Voltage-Oriented PI Current Control of Grid-Connected PWM Rectifiers With $LCL$ Filters , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[14]  Xinbo Ruan,et al.  Capacitor-Current Proportional-Integral Positive Feedback Active Damping for LCL-Type Grid-Connected Inverter to Achieve High Robustness Against Grid Impedance Variation , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[15]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Digital notch filter based active damping for LCL filters , 2015, 2015 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC).

[16]  P. Mattavelli,et al.  Analysis of Multisampled Current Control for Active Filters , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[17]  R. D. Middlebrook,et al.  Input filter considerations in design and application of switching regulators. , 1976 .

[18]  Krishna Vasudevan,et al.  Design of LCL filter for grid-interfaced PV system based on cost minimization , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES).

[19]  Xin Zhang,et al.  Active Cancelation of Equivalent Grid Impedance for Improving Stability and Injected Power Quality of Grid-Connected Inverter Under Variable Grid Condition , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[20]  Xinbo Ruan,et al.  Magnetic Integration of the LCL Filter in Grid-Connected Inverters , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[21]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Modeling and Analysis of Harmonic Stability in an AC Power-Electronics-Based Power System , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[22]  Brian B. Johnson,et al.  An Interaction-Admittance Model for Multi-Inverter Grid-Connected Systems , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[23]  Jian Sun,et al.  Adaptive Control of Grid-Connected Inverters Based on Online Grid Impedance Measurements , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[24]  Zhengming Zhao,et al.  Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems: Technical and potential problems—A review , 2010 .

[25]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  An Efficient and Robust Hybrid Damper for $LCL$- or $LLCL$-Based Grid-Tied Inverter With Strong Grid-Side Harmonic Voltage Effect Rejection , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[26]  Eric Monmasson,et al.  Simple and systematic LCL filter design for three-phase grid-connected power converters , 2016, Math. Comput. Simul..

[27]  M. Liserre,et al.  An active damper for stabilizing power electronics-based AC systems , 2013, 2013 Twenty-Eighth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC).

[28]  Vinod John,et al.  Filter Optimization for Grid Interactive Voltage Source Inverters , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[29]  Xu Cai,et al.  Impedance-Based Analysis of Interconnected Power Electronics Systems: Impedance Network Modeling and Comparative Studies of Stability Criteria , 2020, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[30]  Jian Sun,et al.  Methods for stability analysis of unbalanced three-phase systems , 2012, 2012 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE).

[31]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Overview of Control and Grid Synchronization for Distributed Power Generation Systems , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[32]  Paolo Mattavelli,et al.  Analysis of Current Control Interaction of Multiple Parallel Grid-Connected Inverters , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy.

[33]  Yun Wei Li,et al.  Control and Resonance Damping of Voltage-Source and Current-Source Converters With $LC$ Filters , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[34]  Kai Zhang,et al.  A Time Delay Compensation Method Based on Area Equivalence For Active Damping of an LCL -Type Converter , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[35]  Jian Sun,et al.  Impedance-Based Stability Criterion for Grid-Connected Inverters , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[36]  Xinbo Ruan,et al.  Analysis and Design of Current Control Schemes for LCL-Type Grid-Connected Inverter Based on a General Mathematical Model , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[37]  Heverton A. Pereira,et al.  Damping techniques for grid-connected voltage source converters based on LCL filter: An overview , 2018 .

[38]  Liuchen Chang,et al.  Predictive Current Controller for Single-Phase Grid-Connected VSIs With Compensation for Time-Delay Effect and System Uncertainty , 2018, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[39]  Mohsen Rahimi,et al.  A review on modeling and control of grid-connected photovoltaic inverters with LCL filter , 2018 .

[40]  Xu Cai,et al.  Sequence Domain SISO Equivalent Models of a Grid-Tied Voltage Source Converter System for Small-Signal Stability Analysis , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[41]  Shaojun Xie,et al.  Robust Grid Current Control With Impedance-Phase Shaping for LCL-Filtered Inverters in Weak and Distorted Grid , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[42]  Marco Liserre,et al.  Grid-Filter Design for a Multimegawatt Medium-Voltage Voltage-Source Inverter , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[43]  Fang Zheng Peng,et al.  Control for Grid-Connected and Intentional Islanding Operations of Distributed Power Generation , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[44]  Javier Roldán-Pérez,et al.  All-Pass-Filter-Based Active Damping for VSCs With LCL Filters Connected to Weak Grids , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[45]  V. Blasko,et al.  A novel control to actively damp resonance in input LC filter of a three phase voltage source converter , 1996, Proceedings of Applied Power Electronics Conference. APEC '96.

[46]  Jian Sun,et al.  Online grid impedance identification for adaptive control of grid-connected inverters , 2012, 2012 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE).

[47]  Bo Wen,et al.  Experimental Validation for Impedance-Based Small-Signal Stability Analysis of Single-Phase Interconnected Power Systems With Grid-Feeding Inverters , 2016, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[48]  Jinjun Liu,et al.  Stability enhancement of single-loop inverter-side current feedback controlled grid-connected inverters with LCL filters , 2017, 2017 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE).

[49]  Yi Tang,et al.  Reshaping Quadrature-Axis Impedance of Three-Phase Grid-Connected Converters for Low-Frequency Stability Improvement , 2018, 2018 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata 2018 -ECCE Asia).

[50]  Jian Sun,et al.  Broadband methods for online grid impedance measurement , 2013, 2013 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[51]  Xiao-Qiang Guo,et al.  Modeling and simulation of direct output current control for LCL-interfaced grid-connected inverters with parallel passive damping , 2010, Simul. Model. Pract. Theory.

[52]  Yi Tang,et al.  Magnetic Integration of LTL Filter With Two LC-Traps for Grid-Connected Power Converters , 2018, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[53]  Jian Xiong,et al.  Analyze and reduce the impact of sampling delay on LCL converter with capacitor current feedback active damping , 2015, 2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems.

[54]  D. G. Holmes,et al.  Optimized Design of Stationary Frame Three Phase AC Current Regulators , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[55]  Zhihong Ye,et al.  Output filter design for a grid-interconnected three-phase inverter , 2003, IEEE 34th Annual Conference on Power Electronics Specialist, 2003. PESC '03..

[56]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Damping Methods for Resonances Caused by LCL-Filter-Based Current-Controlled Grid-Tied Power Inverters: An Overview , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[57]  M. Liserre,et al.  Evaluation of Current Controllers for Distributed Power Generation Systems , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[58]  Donald Grahame Holmes,et al.  Regions of active damping control for LCL filters , 2012, 2012 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE).

[59]  M. Liserre,et al.  Analysis of the Passive Damping Losses in LCL-Filter-Based Grid Converters , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[60]  Massimo Bongiorno,et al.  Input-Admittance Calculation and Shaping for Controlled Voltage-Source Converters , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[61]  Marco Liserre,et al.  LCL-Filter Design for Robust Active Damping in Grid-Connected Converters , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[62]  An Luo,et al.  Stability Enhancement for Parallel Grid-Connected Inverters by Improved Notch Filter , 2019, IEEE Access.

[63]  Yi Tang,et al.  An Integrated Trap-LCL Filter With Reduced Current Harmonics for Grid-Connected Converters Under Weak Grid Conditions , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[64]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Inverter-Current-Feedback Resonance-Suppression Method for LCL-Type DG System to Reduce Resonance-Frequency Offset and Grid-Inductance Effect , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[65]  Bo Wen,et al.  Small-Signal Stability Analysis of Three-Phase AC Systems in the Presence of Constant Power Loads Based on Measured d-q Frame Impedances , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[66]  Marco Liserre,et al.  Filter-Based Active Damping of Voltage Source Converters With $LCL$ Filter , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[67]  Jinjun Liu,et al.  A Study of Virtual Resistor-Based Active Damping Alternatives for LCL Resonance in Grid-Connected Voltage Source Inverters , 2020, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[68]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Passivity-Based Stability Analysis and Damping Injection for Multiparalleled VSCs with LCL Filters , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[69]  Liang Chen,et al.  Sequences Domain Impedance Modeling of Three-Phase Grid-Connected Converter Using Harmonic Transfer Matrices , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[70]  Chih-Wei Hsu,et al.  An Improved Resonant Frequency Based Systematic LCL Filter Design Method for Grid-Connected Inverter , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[71]  Bo Wen,et al.  Influence of phase-locked loop on input admittance of three-phase voltage-source converters , 2013, 2013 Twenty-Eighth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC).

[72]  Jiyan Zou,et al.  Inherent damping of single-loop digitally controlled voltage source inverters with LCL filters , 2016, 2016 IEEE 25th International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE).

[73]  Marta Molinas,et al.  Damping region extension for digitally controlled LCL‐type grid‐connected inverter with capacitor‐current feedback , 2018, IET Power Electronics.

[74]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Robust Grid-Current-Feedback Resonance Suppression Method for LCL-Type Grid-Connected Inverter Connected to Weak Grid , 2018, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[75]  Moin Hanif,et al.  An LCL-Filter Design With Optimum Total Inductance and Capacitance , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[76]  Homer Alan Mantooth,et al.  A Variable Inductor Based LCL Filter for Large-Scale Microgrid Application , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[77]  Xinbo Ruan,et al.  A Real-Time Computation Method With Dual Sampling Mode to Improve the Current Control Performance of the $LCL$-Type Grid-Connected Inverter , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[78]  Lei Yang,et al.  A Robust Dual-Loop Current Control Method With a Delay-Compensation Control Link for LCL-Type Shunt Active Power Filters , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[79]  Shaojun Xie,et al.  Design of LCL-Filter Considering the Control Impact for Grid-Connected Inverter with One Current Feedback Only , 2017 .

[80]  Po-Tai Cheng,et al.  A Passivity-Based Stability Analysis of the Active Damping Technique in the Offshore Wind Farm Applications , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[81]  Yen-Hsiang Huang,et al.  Direct Digital Control of Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters With LCL Filter Based on Inductance Estimation Model , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[82]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Digital realization of capacitor-voltage feedback active damping for LCL-filtered grid converters , 2015, 2015 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE).

[83]  M. Liserre,et al.  Design and control of an LCL-filter based three-phase active rectifier , 2001, Conference Record of the 2001 IEEE Industry Applications Conference. 36th IAS Annual Meeting (Cat. No.01CH37248).

[84]  Xinbo Ruan,et al.  Optimized Controller Design for $LCL$-Type Grid-Connected Inverter to Achieve High Robustness Against Grid-Impedance Variation , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[85]  Tuomas Messo,et al.  Implementation of Real-Time Impedance-Based Stability Assessment of Grid-Connected Systems Using MIMO-Identification Techniques , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[86]  Yi Tang,et al.  A Magnetic Integrated LLCL Filter for Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[87]  Xudong Zou,et al.  An Improved Design of Current Controller for LCL-Type Grid-Connected Converter to Reduce Negative Effect of PLL in Weak Grid , 2018, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[88]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Grid-Current-Feedback Active Damping for LCL Resonance in Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[89]  Marian P. Kazmierkowski Inductors and Transformers for Power Electronics , 2008 .

[90]  M. Liserre,et al.  Genetic algorithm-based design of the active damping for an LCL-filter three-phase active rectifier , 2003, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[91]  Weidong Xiao,et al.  Two Degrees of Freedom Active Damping Technique for $LCL$ Filter-Based Grid Connected PV Systems , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[92]  Zhou Lin,et al.  Phase-reshaping strategy for enhancing grid-connected inverter robustness to grid impedance , 2018 .

[93]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Resonance Interaction of Multiparallel Grid-Connected Inverters With LCL Filter , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[94]  Hanju Cha,et al.  Comparative analysis of low-pass output filter for single-phase grid-connected Photovoltaic inverter , 2010, 2010 Twenty-Fifth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC).

[95]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Discrete-Time Domain Modeling of Voltage Source Inverters in Standalone Applications: Enhancement of Regulators Performance by Means of Smith Predictor , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[96]  Xiaojie Wu,et al.  Robust Design of LCL Filters for Single-Current-Loop-Controlled Grid-Connected Power Converters With Unit PCC Voltage Feedforward , 2018, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[97]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Step-by-step design procedure for a grid-connected three-phase PWM voltage source converter , 2004 .

[98]  Qiang Gao,et al.  An improved active damping control in grid-connected converter system , 2017, IECON 2017 - 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society.

[99]  Rae-Young Kim,et al.  Design of an LCL filter employing a symmetric geometry and its control in grid-connected inverter applications , 2008, 2008 IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference.

[100]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Highly Accurate Derivatives for LCL-Filtered Grid Converter With Capacitor Voltage Active Damping , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[101]  Dianguo Xu,et al.  An Improved Feedforward Control Method Considering PLL Dynamics to Improve Weak Grid Stability of Grid-Connected Inverters , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[102]  Mark Sumner,et al.  Observer-Based Pulsed Signal Injection for Grid Impedance Estimation in Three-Phase Systems , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[103]  Tuomas Messo,et al.  Accurate Impedance Model of Grid-Connected Inverter for Small-Signal Stability Assessment in High-Impedance Grids , 2018, 2018 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata 2018 -ECCE Asia).

[104]  Yun Wei Li,et al.  Generalized Closed-Loop Control Schemes with Embedded Virtual Impedances for Voltage Source Converters with LC or LCL Filters , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[105]  Bin Li,et al.  Modeling and Analysis of a Digitally Controlled Grid-Connected Large-Scale Centralized PV System , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[106]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Graphical Evaluation of Time-Delay Compensation Techniques for Digitally Controlled Converters , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[107]  Yun Wei Li,et al.  Investigation and Active Damping of Multiple Resonances in a Parallel-Inverter-Based Microgrid , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[108]  Jian Sun,et al.  Online Grid Impedance Measurement Using Discrete-Interval Binary Sequence Injection , 2013, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[109]  Yi Tang,et al.  Stability Improvement for Three-Phase Grid-Connected Converters Through Impedance Reshaping in Quadrature-Axis , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[110]  Yasser Abdel-Rady I. Mohamed,et al.  Robust Single-Loop Direct Current Control of LCL-Filtered Converter-Based DG Units in Grid-Connected and Autonomous Microgrid Modes , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[111]  Tuomas Messo,et al.  Adaptive Control of Grid-Voltage Feedforward for Grid-Connected Inverters based on Real-Time Identification of Grid Impedance , 2018, 2018 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata 2018 -ECCE Asia).

[112]  M. Molinas,et al.  On the Equivalence and Impact on Stability of Impedance Modeling of Power Electronic Converters in Different Domains , 2017, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[113]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Design and Analysis of Robust Active Damping for LCL Filters Using Digital Notch Filters , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[114]  Jinming XU,et al.  LCL-resonance damping strategies for grid-connected inverters with LCL filters: a comprehensive review , 2018 .

[115]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Unified Impedance Model of Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[116]  Jian Sun,et al.  Small-Signal Methods for AC Distributed Power Systems–A Review , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[117]  Cong Liu,et al.  Application of a C-Type Filter Based LCFL Output Filter to Shunt Active Power Filters , 2013 .

[118]  Xiaojie Wu,et al.  Capacitor-Voltage Feedforward With Full Delay Compensation to Improve Weak Grids Adaptability of LCL-Filtered Grid-Connected Converters for Distributed Generation Systems , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[119]  Leila Parsa,et al.  Impedance Modeling of Three-Phase Voltage Source Converters in DQ, Sequence, and Phasor Domains , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.

[120]  F. W. Fuchs,et al.  High frequency grid impedance analysis by current injection , 2009, 2009 35th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics.

[121]  Eric Monmasson,et al.  An Improved LCL Filter Design in Order to Ensure Stability without Damping and Despite Large Grid Impedance Variations , 2017 .

[122]  Toshiji Kato,et al.  A simple and effective time delay compensation method for grid-connected inverter with an LCL filter: Application to active damping method , 2017, 2017 IEEE 18th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL).

[123]  Xinbo Ruan,et al.  Improve the robustness of digitally-controlled LCL-filtered inverters against grid impedance variation with a lag compensator , 2017, 2017 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE).

[124]  Jih-Sheng Lai,et al.  Magnetic Integration of Three-Phase LCL Filter With Delta-Yoke Composite Core , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[125]  Steffen Bernet,et al.  Design of $LCL$ Filters of Active-Front-End Two-Level Voltage-Source Converters , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[126]  Keith R. Godfrey,et al.  Perturbation signals for system identification , 1993 .

[127]  Donald Grahame Holmes,et al.  Grid current regulation of a three-phase voltage source inverter with an LCL input filter , 2003 .

[128]  Bo Wen,et al.  Analysis of D-Q Small-Signal Impedance of Grid-Tied Inverters , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[129]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Virtual RC Damping of LCL-Filtered Voltage Source Converters With Extended Selective Harmonic Compensation , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[130]  T. Messo,et al.  Adaptive control of grid-connected inverters based on real-time measurements of grid impedance: DQ-domain approach , 2017, 2017 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE).

[131]  Marco Liserre,et al.  Systematic Design of the Lead-Lag Network Method for Active Damping in LCL-Filter Based Three Phase Converters , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[132]  Xinbo Ruan,et al.  Direct Realization of Digital Differentiators in Discrete Domain for Active Damping of LCL -Type Grid-Connected Inverter , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[133]  Bangyin Liu,et al.  Stability Analysis of Grid-Connected Inverter With LCL Filter Adopting a Digital Single-Loop Controller With Inherent Damping Characteristic , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics.

[134]  Fred C. Lee,et al.  LCL Filter Design and Inductor Current Ripple Analysis for a Three-Level NPC Grid Interface Converter , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[135]  Zhe Chen,et al.  Small-Signal Stability Analysis of Inverter-Fed Power Systems Using Component Connection Method , 2017 .

[136]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  A New Design Method for the Passive Damped LCL and LLCL Filter-Based Single-Phase Grid-Tied Inverter , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[137]  Kaushik Rajashekara,et al.  Virtual RLC active damping for grid-connected inverters with LCL filters , 2017, 2017 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC).

[138]  Dushan Boroyevich,et al.  An algorithm and implementation system for measuring impedance in the D-Q domain , 2011, 2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[139]  Jiyan Zou,et al.  Delay-Dependent Stability of Single-Loop Controlled Grid-Connected Inverters with LCL Filters , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[140]  Jie Chen,et al.  Impedance-Phased Dynamic Control Method for Grid-Connected Inverters in a Weak Grid , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[141]  Tuomas Messo,et al.  Online Grid-Impedance Measurement Using Ternary-Sequence Injection , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[142]  C. Xia,et al.  Wide Damping Region for LCL-Type Grid-Connected Inverter With an Improved Capacitor-Current-Feedback Method , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[143]  Moin Hanif,et al.  Generalized LCL-Filter Design Algorithm for Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Inverter , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[144]  Shaojun Xie,et al.  Harmonic Suppression and Stability Enhancement for Parallel Multiple Grid-Connected Inverters Based on Passive Inverter Output Impedance , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[145]  Dehong Xu,et al.  A New Feedback Method for PR Current Control of LCL-Filter-Based Grid-Connected Inverter , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[146]  Pekik Argo Dahono A control method to damp oscillation in the input LC filter , 2002, 2002 IEEE 33rd Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.02CH37289).

[147]  Bo Wen,et al.  AC Stability Analysis and dq Frame Impedance Specifications in Power-Electronics-Based Distributed Power Systems , 2017, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[148]  Bo Wen,et al.  Low-Frequency Stability Analysis of Single-Phase System With dq-Frame Impedance Approach—Part I: Impedance Modeling and Verification , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications.

[149]  Bo Wen,et al.  Impedance-Based Analysis of Grid-Synchronization Stability for Three-Phase Paralleled Converters , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[150]  Young-Ho Cho,et al.  Impedance-based stability analysis in grid interconnection impact study owing to the increased adoption of converter-interfaced generators , 2017 .

[151]  Zhiyong Chen,et al.  Resonance features of multi-paralleled grid-connected inverters and its damping method , 2014, 2014 International Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition.

[152]  Stéphane Bibian,et al.  Time delay compensation of digital control for DC switchmode power supplies using prediction techniques , 2000 .

[153]  Xinbo Ruan,et al.  Control Techniques for LCL-Type Grid-Connected Inverters , 2017 .

[154]  T. Undeland,et al.  Evaluation of current controller performance and stability for voltage source converters connected to a weak grid , 2010, The 2nd International Symposium on Power Electronics for Distributed Generation Systems.

[155]  Thomas A. Lipo,et al.  Pulse Width Modulation for Power Converters: Principles and Practice , 2003 .

[156]  Mingxuan Mao,et al.  The Interaction Stability Analysis of a Multi-Inverter System Containing Different Types of Inverters , 2018 .

[157]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Optimal Design of High-Order Passive-Damped Filters for Grid-Connected Applications , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[158]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Small-Signal Modeling of Digitally Controlled Grid-Connected Inverters With $LCL$ Filters , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[159]  Mehmet Tumay,et al.  Topologies, generalized designs, passive and active damping methods of switching ripple filters for voltage source inverter: A comprehensive review , 2016 .

[160]  Tong Chen,et al.  A General Design Procedure for Multi-Parallel Modular Grid-Tied Inverters System to Prevent Common and Interactive Instability , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[161]  Johann W. Kolar,et al.  Comparison of Prediction Techniques to Compensate Time Delays Caused by Digital Control of a Three-Phase Buck-Type PWM Rectifier System , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[162]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  A Self-commissioning Notch Filter for Active Damping in a Three-Phase LCL -Filter-Based Grid-Tie Converter , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[163]  Jorge A. Solsona,et al.  Optimum PR Control Applied to LCL Filters With Low Resonance Frequency , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[164]  Dongsheng Yang,et al.  Impedance Shaping of the Grid-Connected Inverter with LCL Filter to Improve Its Adaptability to the Weak Grid Condition , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[165]  Tuomas Messo,et al.  Impedance measurement of three phase systems in DQ-domain: Applying MIMO-identification techniques , 2016, 2016 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE).

[166]  Mark Sumner,et al.  Hybrid active damping of LCL-filtered grid connected converter , 2016, 2016 IEEE 2nd Annual Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC).

[167]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Couplings in Phase Domain Impedance Modeling of Grid-Connected Converters , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[168]  Modeling the output impedance negative incremental resistance behavior of grid-tied inverters , 2014, 2014 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC 2014.

[169]  Bangyin Liu,et al.  Stationary Frame Equivalent Model of Proportional-Integral Controller in dq Synchronous Frame , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[170]  I. Postlethwaite,et al.  The generalized Nyquist stability criterion and multivariable root loci , 1977 .

[171]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  A Review of Passive Power Filters for Three-Phase Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters , 2016, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[172]  Marco Liserre,et al.  Robust Active Damping in LCL-Filter-Based Medium-Voltage Parallel Grid Inverters for Wind Turbines , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[173]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Sequence-Impedance-Based Stability Comparison Between VSGs and Traditional Grid-Connected Inverters , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[174]  Shaojun Xie,et al.  Active Damping-Based Control for Grid-Connected $LCL$ -Filtered Inverter With Injected Grid Current Feedback Only , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[175]  Xinbo Ruan,et al.  Step-by-Step Controller Design for LCL-Type Grid-Connected Inverter with Capacitor–Current-Feedback Active-Damping , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[176]  Morten Nymand,et al.  Analytical Design of Passive LCL Filter for Three-Phase Two-Level Power Factor Correction Rectifiers , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[177]  Dehong Xu,et al.  Weighted Average Current control in three-phase grid inverter with LCL-filter , 2012, Proceedings of The 7th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference.

[178]  Zhengyu Lu,et al.  Study on active damping of LCL filter resonance based on grid current feedback compensation , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics.

[179]  Mariusz Malinowski,et al.  A Simple Voltage Sensorless Active Damping Scheme for Three-Phase PWM Converters With an $LCL$ Filter , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[180]  Jinjun Liu,et al.  Comprehensive Analysis of Virtual Impedance-Based Active Damping for LCL Resonance in Grid-Connected Inverters , 2018, 2018 International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Niigata 2018 -ECCE Asia).

[181]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  A comprehensive control system for multi-parallel grid-connected inverters with LCL filter in weak grid condition , 2018 .

[182]  William Gerard Hurley,et al.  Transformers and Inductors for Power Electronics: Theory, Design and Applications , 2013 .

[183]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Design of LCL Filters With LCL Resonance Frequencies Beyond the Nyquist Frequency for Grid-Connected Converters , 2016, IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics.

[184]  Xinbo Ruan,et al.  Full Feedforward of Grid Voltage for Grid-Connected Inverter With LCL Filter to Suppress Current Distortion Due to Grid Voltage Harmonics , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[185]  J L Agorreta,et al.  Modeling and Control of $N$ -Paralleled Grid-Connected Inverters With LCL Filter Coupled Due to Grid Impedance in PV Plants , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[186]  Xiaotian Zhang,et al.  Study of Multisampled Multilevel Inverters to Improve Control Performance , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[187]  Xing Zhang,et al.  Study of a Current Control Strategy Based on Multisampling for High-Power Grid-Connected Inverters With an LCL filter , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[188]  Yi Tang,et al.  Active Magnetic Decoupling for Improving the Performance of Integrated LCL-Filters in Grid-Connected Converters , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[189]  Jeff Po Wa Chow,et al.  Impedance-based stability criterion for multiple offshore inverters connected in parallel with long cables , 2017, 2017 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE).

[190]  Josep M. Guerrero,et al.  Comparative Performance Evaluation of Orthogonal-Signal-Generators-Based Single-Phase PLL Algorithms—A Survey , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[191]  Vlatko Miskovic,et al.  Observer based active damping of LCL resonance in grid connected voltage source converters , 2013, 2013 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[192]  Frede Blaabjerg,et al.  Real-time impedance-based stability assessment of grid converter interactions , 2017, 2017 IEEE 18th Workshop on Control and Modeling for Power Electronics (COMPEL).

[193]  An Luo,et al.  Divided DQ Small-Signal Model: A New Perspective for the Stability Analysis of Three-Phase Grid-Tied Inverters , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[194]  Jian Sun,et al.  Impedance Modeling and Analysis of Grid-Connected Voltage-Source Converters , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics.

[195]  Poh Chiang Loh,et al.  Exploring inherent damping characteristic of LCL-filters for three-phase grid-connected voltage source inverters , 2010, 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition.

[196]  Xinbo Ruan,et al.  Step-by-Step Controller Design for LCL-Type Grid-Connected Inverter with Capacitor–Current-Feedback Active-Damping , 2014 .