Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning – an updated assessment

Abstract. Since the publication of the compilation of biomass burning emission factors by Andreae and Merlet (2001), a large number of studies have greatly expanded the amount of available data on emissions from various types of biomass burning. Using essentially the same methodology as Andreae and Merlet (2001), this paper presents an updated compilation of emission factors. The data from over 370 published studies were critically evaluated and integrated into a consistent format. Several new categories of biomass burning were added, and the number of species for which emission data are presented was increased from 93 to 121. Where field data are still insufficient, estimates based on appropriate extrapolation techniques are proposed. For key species, the updated emission factors are compared with previously published values. Based on these emission factors and published global activity estimates, I have derived estimates of pyrogenic emissions for important species released by the various types of biomass burning.

[1]  M. Andreae,et al.  Nonlinear behavior of organic aerosol in biomass burning plumes: a microphysical model analysis , 2019, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

[2]  A. Laskin,et al.  Molecular composition and photochemical lifetimes of brown carbon chromophores in biomass burning organic aerosol , 2019, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

[3]  Andrew A. May,et al.  Inter-comparison of black carbon measurement methods for simulated open biomass burning emissions , 2019, Atmospheric Environment.

[4]  S. Kreidenweis,et al.  More Than Emissions and Chemistry: Fire Size, Dilution, and Background Aerosol Also Greatly Influence Near‐Field Biomass Burning Aerosol Aging , 2019, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres.

[5]  J. D. de Gouw,et al.  Secondary organic aerosol formation from biomass burning emissions , 2019 .

[6]  A. Robinson,et al.  Production of Secondary Organic Aerosol During Aging of Biomass Burning Smoke From Fresh Fuels and Its Relationship to VOC Precursors , 2019, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres.

[7]  R. Yokelson,et al.  In situ measurements of trace gases, PM, and aerosol optical properties during the 2017 NW US wildfire smoke event , 2018, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

[8]  J. Lelieveld,et al.  Effects of fossil fuel and total anthropogenic emission removal on public health and climate , 2019, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[9]  Fang Li Historical (1700-2012) global multi-model estimates of the fire emissions from the Fire Modeling Intercomparison Project (FireMIP) , 2019, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

[10]  Field Emission Measurements of Solid Fuel Stoves in Yunnan, China Demonstrate Dominant Causes of Uncertainty in Household Emission Inventories. , 2019, Environmental science & technology.

[11]  Junji Cao,et al.  Emission Characteristics of Primary Brown Carbon Absorption From Biomass and Coal Burning: Development of an Optical Emission Inventory for China , 2019, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres.

[12]  K. Strawbridge,et al.  Impacts of an intense wildfire smoke episode on surface radiation, energy and carbon fluxes in southwestern British Columbia, Canada , 2019, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

[13]  M. Andreae,et al.  Nonlinear behavior of organic aerosol in biomass burning plumes: a microphysical model analysis , 2019 .

[14]  M. Andreae,et al.  Emissions Relationships in Western Forest Fire Plumes: I. Reducing the Effect of Mixing Errors on Emission Factors , 2019 .

[15]  N. Unger,et al.  Fire air pollution reduces global terrestrial productivity , 2018, Nature Communications.

[16]  P. S. Praveen,et al.  Speciated online PM1 from South Asian combustion sources – Part 1: Fuel-based emission factors and size distributions , 2018, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

[17]  N. Krotkov,et al.  Satellite-derived emissions of carbon monoxide, ammonia, and nitrogen dioxide from the 2016 Horse River wildfire in the Fort McMurray area , 2018, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

[18]  S. Sitch,et al.  Studying the impact of biomass burning aerosol radiative and climate effects on the Amazon rainforest productivity with an Earth system model , 2018, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

[19]  Chris C. Lim,et al.  Global estimates of mortality associated with long-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter , 2018, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[20]  A. Goldstein,et al.  Measurements of I/SVOCs in biomass-burning smoke using solid-phase extraction disks and two-dimensional gas chromatography , 2018, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

[21]  Michael Brauer,et al.  Ambient PM2.5 Reduces Global and Regional Life Expectancy , 2018, Environmental Science & Technology Letters.

[22]  A. Goldstein,et al.  Speciated and total emission factors of particulate organics from burning western US wildland fuels and their dependence on combustion efficiency , 2018, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

[23]  L. Volkova,et al.  Ground‐Based Field Measurements of PM2.5 Emission Factors From Flaming and Smoldering Combustion in Eucalypt Forests , 2018, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres.

[24]  Reassessment of pre-industrial fire emissions strongly affects anthropogenic aerosol forcing , 2018, Nature Communications.

[25]  Robert J. Yokelson,et al.  High- and low-temperature pyrolysis profiles describe volatile organic compound emissions from western US wildfire fuels , 2018, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.

[26]  Edward Charles Fortner,et al.  Examining the chemical composition of black carbon particles from biomass burning with SP-AMS , 2018, Journal of Aerosol Science.

[27]  Melanie L. Sattler,et al.  Emissions of volatile organic compounds from maize residue open burning in the northern region of Thailand , 2018 .

[28]  M. Brauer,et al.  Quantifying the Contribution to Uncertainty in Mortality Attributed to Household, Ambient, and Joint Exposure to PM2.5 From Residential Solid Fuel Use , 2018, GeoHealth.

[29]  Atul K. Jain,et al.  Global Carbon Budget 2018 , 2014, Earth System Science Data.

[30]  P. S. Praveen,et al.  Speciated online PM1 from South Asian combustion sources-Part 1: Fuel-based emission factors and size distributions , 2018 .

[31]  K. Strawbridge,et al.  Impacts of an intense wildfire smoke episode on surface radiation , energy and carbon fluxes in southwestern British Columbia , Canada , 2018 .

[32]  X. Bi,et al.  Open burning of rice, corn and wheat straws: primary emissions, photochemical aging, and secondary organic aerosol formation , 2017 .

[33]  M. Wendisch,et al.  Further evidence for CCN aerosol concentrations determining the height of warm rain and ice initiation in convective clouds over the Amazon basin , 2017 .

[34]  J. Lelieveld,et al.  Aerosol Health Effects from Molecular to Global Scales. , 2017, Environmental science & technology.

[35]  B. Johnson,et al.  The effect of South American biomass burning aerosol emissions on the regional climate , 2017 .

[36]  J. Lelieveld,et al.  Chemists can help to solve the air-pollution health crisis. , 2017 .

[37]  J. Lelieveld,et al.  Chemists can help to solve the air-pollution health crisis , 2017, Nature.

[38]  Christine Wiedinmyer,et al.  New Emission Factors and Efficiencies from in-Field Measurements of Traditional and Improved Cookstoves and Their Potential Implications. , 2017, Environmental science & technology.

[39]  D. Griffith,et al.  Aerosol optical properties and trace gas emissions by PAX and OP-FTIR for laboratory-simulated western US wildfires during FIREX , 2017 .

[40]  J. Randerson,et al.  Global fire emissions estimates during 1997–2016 , 2017 .

[41]  M. Cochrane,et al.  Chemical characterization of fine particulate matter emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Niño , 2017 .

[42]  Manfred Wendisch,et al.  Sensitivities of Amazonian clouds to aerosols and updraft speed , 2017 .

[43]  J. Lamarque,et al.  Wildfire air pollution hazard during the 21st century , 2017 .

[44]  A. Robinson,et al.  A dual‐chamber method for quantifying the effects of atmospheric perturbations on secondary organic aerosol formation from biomass burning emissions , 2017 .

[45]  Edward Charles Fortner,et al.  Airborne measurements of western U.S. wildfire emissions: Comparison with prescribed burning and air quality implications , 2017 .

[46]  P. S. Praveen,et al.  Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE): emissions of particulate matter from wood- and dung-fueled cooking fires, garbage and crop residue burning, brick kilns, and other sources , 2017 .

[47]  Matthew L. Thomas,et al.  Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2015 , 2017, The Lancet.

[48]  Meng Li,et al.  Historical (1750–2014) anthropogenic emissions of reactive gases and aerosols from the Community Emissions Data System (CEDS) , 2017 .

[49]  James D. Lee,et al.  Near-field emission profiling of tropical forest and Cerrado fires in Brazil during SAMBBA 2012 , 2017 .

[50]  Xiaohong Liu,et al.  Impacts of global open-fire aerosols on direct radiative, cloud and surface-albedo effects simulated with CAM5 , 2016 .

[51]  Jens Borken-Kleefeld,et al.  Global anthropogenic emissions of particulate matter including black carbon , 2016 .

[52]  Chinmoy Kumar Panigrahi,et al.  A review on pyrolysis of biomass feedstocks , 2016, 2016 International Conference on Emerging Technological Trends (ICETT).

[53]  D. Blake,et al.  Field measurements of trace gases and aerosols emitted by peat fires in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, during the 2015 El Nino , 2016 .

[54]  P. S. Praveen,et al.  Nepal Ambient Monitoring and Source Testing Experiment (NAMaSTE): emissionsof trace gases and light-absorbing carbon from wood and dung cooking fires,garbage and crop residue burning, brick kilns, and other sources , 2016 .

[55]  M. Deeter,et al.  Validation and analysis of MOPITT CO observations of the Amazon Basin , 2016 .

[56]  Kimberly Strong,et al.  Long‐range transport of NH3, CO, HCN, and C2H6 from the 2014 Canadian Wildfires , 2016 .

[57]  Edward Charles Fortner,et al.  Regional Influence of Aerosol Emissions from Wildfires Driven by Combustion Efficiency: Insights from the BBOP Campaign. , 2016, Environmental science & technology.

[58]  D. Blake,et al.  Multi-instrument comparison and compilation of non-methane organic gas emissions from biomass burning and implications for smoke-derived secondary organic aerosol precursors , 2016 .

[59]  J. Pierce,et al.  The evolution of biomass-burning aerosol size distributions due to coagulation: dependence on fire and meteorological details and parameterization , 2016 .

[60]  J. Pereira,et al.  A new global burned area product for climate assessment of fire impacts , 2016 .

[61]  Pierre Friedlingstein,et al.  The terrestrial biosphere as a net source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere , 2016, Nature.

[62]  J. Burrows,et al.  Differences in satellite-derived NOx emission factors between Eurasian and North American boreal forest fires , 2015 .

[63]  R. Koster,et al.  The Quick Fire Emissions Dataset (QFED): Documentation of Versions 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4. Volume 38; Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation , 2015 .

[64]  J. Haywood,et al.  Fires increase Amazon forest productivity through increases in diffuse radiation , 2015 .

[65]  J. Jimenez,et al.  Evolution of brown carbon in wildfire plumes , 2015 .

[66]  L. Emmons,et al.  Joint Application of Concentration and δ18O to Investigate the Global Atmospheric CO Budget , 2015 .

[67]  A. Tonkin,et al.  Forest Fire Smoke Exposures and Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests in Melbourne, Australia: A Case-Crossover Study , 2015, Environmental health perspectives.

[68]  S. Sitch,et al.  Biomass burning related ozone damage on vegetation over the Amazon forest: a model sensitivity study , 2015 .

[69]  Jonathan Williams,et al.  Characterization of biomass burning emissions from cooking fires, peat, crop residue, and other fuels with high-resolution proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry , 2015 .

[70]  K. Robertson,et al.  Fire environment effects on particulate matter emission factors in southeastern U.S. pine-grasslands , 2014 .

[71]  M. Chin,et al.  Global observations of aerosol‐cloud‐precipitation‐climate interactions , 2014 .

[72]  Jim Haywood,et al.  Ground-based aerosol characterization during the South American Biomass Burning Analysis (SAMBBA) field experiment , 2014 .

[73]  John C. Lin,et al.  Identifying fire plumes in the Arctic with tropospheric FTIR measurements and transport models , 2014 .

[74]  João Almeida,et al.  Neutral molecular cluster formation of sulfuric acid–dimethylamine observed in real time under atmospheric conditions , 2014, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[75]  F. Collard,et al.  A review on pyrolysis of biomass constituents: Mechanisms and composition of the products obtained from the conversion of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin , 2014 .

[76]  C. Wiedinmyer,et al.  Global emissions of trace gases, particulate matter, and hazardous air pollutants from open burning of domestic waste. , 2014, Environmental science & technology.

[77]  S. Urbanski Wildland fire emissions, carbon, and climate: Emission factors , 2014 .

[78]  Luana S. Basso,et al.  Drought sensitivity of Amazonian carbon balance revealed by atmospheric measurements , 2014, Nature.

[79]  M. Dubey,et al.  Aerosol single scattering albedo dependence on biomass combustion efficiency: Laboratory and field studies , 2014 .

[80]  Ranga B. Myneni,et al.  Chapter 6: Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles , 2014 .

[81]  C. Ichoku,et al.  Global top-down smoke aerosol emissions estimation using satellite fire radiative power measurements , 2013 .

[82]  Andrew A. May,et al.  Gas‐particle partitioning of primary organic aerosol emissions: 3. Biomass burning , 2013 .

[83]  J. Seinfeld,et al.  Molecular understanding of sulphuric acid–amine particle nucleation in the atmosphere , 2013, Nature.

[84]  S. Pandis,et al.  Burning of olive tree branches: a major organic aerosol source in the Mediterranean , 2013 .

[85]  S. K. Akagi,et al.  Pitfalls with the use of enhancement ratios or normalized excess mixing ratios measured in plumes to characterize pollution sources and aging , 2013 .

[86]  S. Urbanski Combustion efficiency and emission factors for wildfire-season fires in mixed conifer forests of the northern Rocky Mountains, US , 2013 .

[87]  G. Faluvegi,et al.  Direct top‐down estimates of biomass burning CO emissions using TES and MOPITT versus bottom‐up GFED inventory , 2013 .

[88]  Timothy J. Johnson,et al.  Field measurements of trace gases emitted by prescribed fires in southeastern US pine forests using an open-path FTIR system , 2013 .

[89]  B. DeAngelo,et al.  Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment , 2013 .

[90]  J. Randerson,et al.  Global impact of smoke aerosols from landscape fires on climate and the Hadley circulation , 2013 .

[91]  P. Bernath,et al.  ACE-FTS observations of pyrogenic trace species in boreal biomass burning plumes during BORTAS , 2013 .

[92]  P. Dias,et al.  Modeling the Regional and Remote Climatic Impact of Deforestation , 2013 .

[93]  Brent N. Holben,et al.  Aerosol Particles in Amazonia: Their Composition, Role in the Radiation Balance, Cloud Formation, and Nutrient Cycles , 2013 .

[94]  C. Geron,et al.  Air emissions from organic soil burning on the coastal plain of North Carolina , 2013 .

[95]  J. Randerson,et al.  The changing radiative forcing of fires: global model estimates for past, present and future , 2012 .

[96]  S. K. Akagi,et al.  Measurements of reactive trace gases and variable O3 formation rates in some South Carolina biomass burning plumes , 2012 .

[97]  S. K. Akagi,et al.  Coupling field and laboratory measurements to estimate the emission factors of identified and unidentified trace gases for prescribed fires , 2012 .

[98]  S. Freitas,et al.  Carbon monoxide and related trace gases and aerosols over the Amazon Basin during the wet and dry seasons , 2012 .

[99]  D. Jaffe,et al.  Ozone production from wildfires: A critical review , 2012 .

[100]  Michael Brauer,et al.  Estimated Global Mortality Attributable to Smoke from Landscape Fires , 2012, Environmental health perspectives.

[101]  S. K. Akagi,et al.  Airborne and ground-based measurements of the trace gases and particles emitted by prescribed fires in the United States , 2011 .

[102]  P. Bernath,et al.  ACE-FTS measurements of trace species in the characterization of biomass burning plumes , 2011 .

[103]  M. Razinger,et al.  Biomass burning emissions estimated with a global fire assimilation system based on observed fire radiative power , 2011 .

[104]  S. Takahama,et al.  Organic functional groups in aerosol particles from burning and non-burning forest emissions at a high-elevation mountain site , 2011 .

[105]  R. Cohen,et al.  Characterization of wildfire NO x emissions using MODIS fire radiative power and OMI tropospheric NO 2 columns , 2011 .

[106]  S. K. Akagi,et al.  The Fire INventory from NCAR (FINN): a high resolution global model to estimate the emissions from open burning , 2010 .

[107]  S. K. Akagi,et al.  Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning for use in atmospheric models , 2010 .

[108]  J. Chow,et al.  Moisture effects on carbon and nitrogen emission from burning of wildland biomass , 2010 .

[109]  Douglas C. Morton,et al.  Nitrogen deposition in tropical forests from savanna and deforestation fires , 2010 .

[110]  Mikael Ehn,et al.  Observations of aminium salts in atmospheric nanoparticles and possible climatic implications , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[111]  A. Arellano,et al.  Mercury emissions from global biomass burning: spatialand temporal distribution , 2009 .

[112]  J. Lamarque,et al.  Emissions of gases and particles from biomass burning during the 20th century using satellite data and an historical reconstruction , 2009 .

[113]  Sundar A. Christopher,et al.  Global Monitoring and Forecasting of Biomass-Burning Smoke: Description of and Lessons From the Fire Locating and Modeling of Burning Emissions (FLAMBE) Program , 2009, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing.

[114]  Sara Janhäll,et al.  Biomass burning aerosol emissions from vegetation fires: particle number and mass emission factors and size distributions , 2009 .

[115]  E. Atlas,et al.  Emissions from biomass burning in the Yucatan , 2009 .

[116]  M. Andreae,et al.  Sources and nature of atmospheric aerosols , 2009 .

[117]  R. Yokelson,et al.  Biomass consumption and CO2, CO and main hydrocarbon gas emissions in an Amazonian forest clearing fire , 2009 .

[118]  W. Hao,et al.  Chemical composition of wildland fire emissions , 2009 .

[119]  N. Mahowald,et al.  Global distribution of atmospheric phosphorus sources, concentrations and deposition rates, and anthropogenic impacts , 2008 .

[120]  C. O'Dowd,et al.  Flood or Drought: How Do Aerosols Affect Precipitation? , 2008, Science.

[121]  A. Guenther,et al.  The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: laboratory fire measurements and synthesis of campaign data , 2008 .

[122]  Meinrat O. Andreae,et al.  Aerosol cloud precipitation interactions. Part 1. The nature and sources of cloud-active aerosols , 2008 .

[123]  Qi Zhang,et al.  O/C and OM/OC ratios of primary, secondary, and ambient organic aerosols with high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry. , 2008, Environmental science & technology.

[124]  W. Hao,et al.  Chapter 4 Chemical Composition of Wildland Fire Emissions , 2008 .

[125]  P. Bernath,et al.  Satellite boreal measurements over Alaska and Canada during June–July 2004: Simultaneous measurements of upper tropospheric CO, C2H6, HCN, CH3Cl, CH4, C2H2, CH3OH, HCOOH, OCS, and SF6 mixing ratios , 2007 .

[126]  Tami C. Bond,et al.  Global biofuel use, 1850–2000 , 2007 .

[127]  Allen L Robinson,et al.  Rethinking Organic Aerosols: Semivolatile Emissions and Photochemical Aging , 2007, Science.

[128]  M. Brauer,et al.  Woodsmoke Health Effects: A Review , 2007, Inhalation toxicology.

[129]  M. Andreae,et al.  Black carbon or brown carbon? The nature of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols , 2006 .

[130]  Christopher B. Field,et al.  Global carbon emissions from biomass burning in the 20th century , 2006 .

[131]  M. Andreae,et al.  Airborne measurements of trace gas and aerosol particle emissions from biomass burning in Amazonia , 2005 .

[132]  S. Korontzi Seasonal patterns in biomass burning emissions from southern African vegetation fires for the year 2000 , 2005 .

[133]  Jeroen A. H. W. Peters,et al.  Recent trends in global greenhouse gas emissions:regional trends 1970–2000 and spatial distributionof key sources in 2000 , 2005 .

[134]  J. Olivier,et al.  Recent trends in global greenhouse gas emissions: regional trends and spatial distribution of key sources , 2005 .

[135]  T. Eck,et al.  A review of biomass burning emissions part III: intensive optical properties of biomass burning particles , 2004 .

[136]  D. Roy,et al.  Modeling and sensitivity analysis of fire emissions in southern Africa during SAFARI 2000 , 2004 .

[137]  J. Penner,et al.  Global estimates of biomass burning emissions based on satellite imagery for the year 2000 , 2004 .

[138]  M. Andreae,et al.  Smoking Rain Clouds over the Amazon , 2004, Science.

[139]  C. Justice,et al.  Seasonal variation and ecosystem dependence of emission factors for selected trace gases and PM2.5 for southern African savanna fires , 2003 .

[140]  P. Crutzen,et al.  Comprehensive Laboratory Measurements of Biomass-Burning Emissions: 1. Emissions from Indonesian, African, and Other Fuels , 2003 .

[141]  Jennifer A. Logan,et al.  An assessment of biofuel use and burning of agricultural waste in the developing world , 2003 .

[142]  W. Hao,et al.  Trace gas and particle emissions from fires in large diameter and belowground biomass fuels , 2003 .

[143]  W. Hao,et al.  Trace gas measurements in nascent, aged, and cloud‐processed smoke from African savanna fires by airborne Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (AFTIR) , 2003 .

[144]  P. Pilewskie,et al.  Evolution of gases and particles from a savanna fire in South Africa , 2003 .

[145]  M. Andreae,et al.  Emission of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning , 2001 .

[146]  Barbara J. Turpin,et al.  Species Contributions to PM2.5 Mass Concentrations: Revisiting Common Assumptions for Estimating Organic Mass , 2001 .

[147]  W. Hao,et al.  Seasonality of carbon emissions from biomass burning in a Zambian savanna , 1999 .

[148]  W. Elbert,et al.  Airborne studies of aerosol emissions from savanna fires in , 1998 .

[149]  D. Griffith,et al.  Emissions from smoldering combustion of biomass measured by open‐path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy , 1997 .

[150]  D. Griffith,et al.  Open-path Fourier transform infrared studies of large-scale laboratory biomass fires , 1996 .

[151]  D. Ward,et al.  Emissions Measurements from Vegetation Fires: A Comparative Evaluation of Methods and Results , 1993 .

[152]  Yoram J. Kaufman,et al.  Smoke and fire characteristics for cerrado and deforestation burns in Brazil: BASE-B experiment , 1992 .

[153]  J. Levine Biomass Burning: Its History, Use, and Distribution and Its Impact on Environmental Quality and Global Climate , 1991 .

[154]  D. Ward,et al.  Smoke emissions from wildland fires , 1991 .

[155]  P. Crutzen,et al.  Biomass Burning in the Tropics: Impact on Atmospheric Chemistry and Biogeochemical Cycles , 1990, Science.