Acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas; it is sometimes associated with a systemic inflammatory response that can impair the function of other organs or systems. The inflammation may settle spontaneously or may progress to necrosis of the pancreas or surrounding fatty tissue. The distant organ or system dysfunction may resolve or may progress to organ failure. Thus there is a wide spectrum of disease from mild (80%), where patients recover within a few days, to severe (20%) with prolonged hospital stay, the need for critical care support, and a 15-20% risk of death. If patients have organ failure during the first week in hospital, it is usually already present on the first day in hospital. This early organ failure may resolve in response to treatment. The diagnosis of severe acute pancreatitis depends on the presence of persistent organ failure (>48 hours) either during the first week or at a later stage, and also on the presence of local complications (usually apparent after the first week).

[1]  P. Fan,et al.  Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio predicts persistent organ failure and in-hospital mortality in an Asian Chinese population of acute pancreatitis , 2016, Medicine.

[2]  H. Khalili,et al.  Effect of high-dose Ascorbic acid on vasopressor's requirement in septic shock , 2016, Journal of research in pharmacy practice.

[3]  R. McLeod,et al.  Clinical practice guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. , 2016, Canadian journal of surgery. Journal canadien de chirurgie.

[4]  M. Donnino,et al.  Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Thiamine as a Metabolic Resuscitator in Septic Shock: A Pilot Study , 2016, Critical care medicine.

[5]  Shiji Wang,et al.  Corticosteroid therapy for severe acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. , 2015, International journal of clinical and experimental pathology.

[6]  M. Boermeester,et al.  Early versus on-demand nasoenteric tube feeding in acute pancreatitis. , 2014, The New England journal of medicine.

[7]  S. Alavian,et al.  The Therapeutic Use of Analgesics in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis: A Literature Review and Evidence-Based Recommendations , 2014, Hepatitis monthly.

[8]  A. Fowler,et al.  Phase I safety trial of intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with severe sepsis , 2014, Journal of Translational Medicine.

[9]  John Baillie,et al.  American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines: Management of Acute Pancreatitis , 2013 .

[10]  J. Laukkarinen,et al.  Abstinence after first acute alcohol-associated pancreatitis protects against recurrent pancreatitis and minimizes the risk of pancreatic dysfunction. , 2013, Alcohol and alcoholism.

[11]  Shun-wei Huang,et al.  Early goal‐directed fluid therapy with fresh frozen plasma reduces severe acute pancreatitis mortality in the intensive care unit , 2013, Chinese medical journal.

[12]  John A. Windsor,et al.  Determinant-Based Classification of Acute Pancreatitis Severity: An International Multidisciplinary Consultation , 2012, Annals of surgery.

[13]  Colin D Johnson,et al.  Classification of acute pancreatitis—2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus , 2012, Gut.

[14]  H. Gooszen,et al.  Timing of Cholecystectomy After Mild Biliary Pancreatitis: A Systematic Review , 2012, Annals of surgery.

[15]  S. Thomson,et al.  Use of Amylase and Alanine Transaminase to Predict Acute Gallstone Pancreatitis in a Population with High HIV Prevalence , 2012, World Journal of Surgery.

[16]  Q. Xia,et al.  Hydroxyethyl Starch Resuscitation Reduces the Risk of Intra-Abdominal Hypertension in Severe Acute Pancreatitis , 2011, Pancreas.

[17]  G. Hardy,et al.  Thiamine supplementation in the critically ill , 2011, Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care.

[18]  Bechien U. Wu,et al.  Lactated Ringer's solution reduces systemic inflammation compared with saline in patients with acute pancreatitis. , 2011, Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association.

[19]  H. Gooszen,et al.  Systematic review of percutaneous catheter drainage as primary treatment for necrotizing pancreatitis , 2011, The British journal of surgery.

[20]  Sheng-dao Zhang,et al.  Rapid hemodilution is associated with increased sepsis and mortality among patients with severe acute pancreatitis. , 2010, Chinese medical journal.

[21]  M. Boermeester,et al.  A step-up approach or open necrosectomy for necrotizing pancreatitis. , 2010, The New England journal of medicine.

[22]  Vikesh K. Singh,et al.  Early systemic inflammatory response syndrome is associated with severe acute pancreatitis. , 2009, Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association.

[23]  J. Windsor,et al.  Systematic review and meta‐analysis of enteral nutrition formulations in acute pancreatitis , 2009, The British journal of surgery.

[24]  R. Parks,et al.  The value of procalcitonin at predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis and development of infected pancreatic necrosis: systematic review. , 2009, Surgery.

[25]  J. Sand,et al.  The recurrence of acute alcohol-associated pancreatitis can be reduced: a randomized controlled trial. , 2009, Gastroenterology.

[26]  Sheng-dao Zhang,et al.  Fluid therapy for severe acute pancreatitis in acute response stage , 2009, Chinese medical journal.

[27]  Seok Ling Ong,et al.  Predictors of Severity and Survival in Acute Pancreatitis: Validation of the Efficacy of Early Warning Scores , 2008, Pancreas.

[28]  A. Benini,et al.  Piperacillin-Tazobactam Penetration into Human Pancreatic Juice , 2008, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[29]  F. Tunca,et al.  The effects of hypertonic saline solution, ascorbic Acid and low-molecular-weight heparin on acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats. , 2008, The Eurasian journal of medicine.

[30]  J. Si,et al.  Ascorbic Acid Alleviates Pancreatic Damage Induced by Dibutyltin Dichloride (DBTC) in Rats , 2007, Yonsei medical journal.

[31]  E. Buskens,et al.  Randomized Controlled Trials of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Severe Acute Pancreatitis: Relationship between Methodological Quality and Outcome , 2007, Pancreatology.

[32]  Markus W. Büchler,et al.  Early Assessment of Pancreatic Infections and Overall Prognosis in Severe Acute Pancreatitis by Procalcitonin (PCT): A Prospective International Multicenter Study , 2007, Annals of surgery.

[33]  C. Bassi,et al.  Antibiotic therapy for prophylaxis against infection of pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis. , 2010, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[34]  R. Parks,et al.  Association between early systemic inflammatory response, severity of multiorgan dysfunction and death in acute pancreatitis , 2006, The British journal of surgery.

[35]  S. Varadarajulu,et al.  Role of endoscopic evaluation in idiopathic pancreatitis: a systematic review. , 2006, Gastrointestinal endoscopy.

[36]  A. Saraya,et al.  Early Enteral Nutrition in Severe Acute Pancreatitis: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Nasojejunal and Nasogastric Routes , 2006, Journal of clinical gastroenterology.

[37]  M. Krawczyk,et al.  Efficacy of antibiotic penetration into pancreatic necrosis. , 2006, HPB : the official journal of the International Hepato Pancreato Biliary Association.

[38]  A. Masclee,et al.  The outcome of a long-term follow-up of pancreatic function after recovery from acute pancreatitis. , 2006, JOP : Journal of the pancreas.

[39]  R. Poon,et al.  Clinico‐biochemical prediction of biliary cause of acute pancreatitis in the era of endoscopic ultrasonography , 2005, Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics.

[40]  C. McKay,et al.  A Randomized Study of Early Nasogastric versus Nasojejunal Feeding in Severe Acute Pancreatitis , 2005, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[41]  C. Johnson,et al.  Painful ascites , 2004, Gut.

[42]  W. Du,et al.  Therapeutic efficacy of high-dose vitamin C on acute pancreatitis and its potential mechanisms. , 2003, World journal of gastroenterology.

[43]  B. Ammori,et al.  A Prospective Evaluation of Pancreatic Exocrine Function in Patients with Acute Pancreatitis: Correlation with Extent of Necrosis and Pancreatic Endocrine Insufficiency , 2003, Pancreatology.

[44]  M. Al-Omran,et al.  Enteral versus parenteral nutrition for acute pancreatitis. , 2003, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[45]  A. Sanabria,et al.  Randomized controlled trial of the effect of early enteral nutrition on markers of the inflammatory response in predicted severe acute pancreatitis. , 2001, The British journal of surgery.

[46]  J. Neoptolemos,et al.  Double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study of a platelet activating factor antagonist, lexipafant, in the treatment and prevention of organ failure in predicted severe acute pancreatitis , 2001, Gut.

[47]  G. Steinbach,et al.  The Clinical Value of Procalcitonin in the Prediction of Infected Necrois in Acute Pancreatitis , 2000, Intensive Care Medicine.

[48]  W. T. Miller,et al.  Acute biliary disease: initial CT and follow-up US versus initial US and follow-up CT. , 1999, Radiology.

[49]  J. Windsor,et al.  Early ascorbic acid depletion is related to the severity of acute pancreatitis , 1999, The British journal of surgery.

[50]  M. Larvin,et al.  Assessment of severity and prognosis in acute pancreatitis. , 1997, European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology.

[51]  R. McCloy,et al.  Vitamin C status in patients with acute pancreatitis , 1993, The British journal of surgery.

[52]  D L Robinson,et al.  Acute pancreatitis: value of CT in establishing prognosis. , 1990, Radiology.