Equalization concepts for Alamouti's space-time block code

In this paper, we develop receiver concepts for transmission with space-time block codes (STBCs) over frequency-selective fading channels. The focus lies on Alamouti's space-time block-coding scheme, but the results may be generalized to other STBCs as well. We show that a straightforward combination of conventional equalizers and a space-time block decoder is only possible if at least as many receive antennas as transmit antennas are employed, but not for the practically interesting case of pure transmit diversity, for which space-time coding had been originally developed. This restriction is circumvented by our approach. Here, the structural properties of the transmit signal of space-time block coding, which is shown to be improper (rotationally variant), are fully used. For this, equalizers with widely linear (WL) processing are designed, such as a WL equalizer, a decision-feedback equalizer with WL feedforward and feedback filtering, and a delayed decision-feedback sequence estimator with WL prefiltering. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed concepts may be successfully employed in an enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE) receiver, especially for pure transmit diversity. Here, significant gains can be observed, compared with a conventional single-input single-output transmission.

[1]  A. Robert Calderbank,et al.  Space-time block coding for wireless communications: performance results , 1999, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[2]  Anders Ahlén,et al.  Realizable MIMO decision feedback equalizers: structure and design , 2001, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[3]  Matsue Shimane,et al.  A System-Theoretic Foundation for Blind Equalization of an FIR MIMO Channel System , 2000 .

[4]  A. Robert Calderbank,et al.  Space-Time block codes from orthogonal designs , 1999, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[5]  Khaled Ben Letaief,et al.  Performance evaluation and analysis of space-time coding in unequalized multipath fading links , 2000, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[6]  Philip Balaban,et al.  Optimum Diversity Combining and Equalization Digital Data Transmission with Applications , 1992 .

[7]  P. P. Vaidyanathan,et al.  Role of Anticausal Inverses in Multirate Filter-Banks-Part 1: System Theoretic Fundamentals , 1993 .

[8]  Karl-Dirk Kammeyer.  Time truncation of channel impulse responses by linear filtering: A method to reduce the complexity of Viterbi equalization , 1994 .

[9]  Thomas Kailath,et al.  Linear Systems , 1980 .

[10]  J. H. Winters,et al.  The diversity gain of transmit diversity in wireless systems with Rayleigh fading , 1994, Proceedings of ICC/SUPERCOMM'94 - 1994 International Conference on Communications.

[11]  A. Robert Calderbank,et al.  Space-time coding and signal processing for high data rate wireless communications , 2001, Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput..

[12]  Jitendra K. Tugnait,et al.  Blind channel estimation and equalization of multiple-input multiple-output channels , 1999, 1999 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings. ICASSP99 (Cat. No.99CH36258).

[13]  Ling Li,et al.  Channel estimation and equalization for space-time block coded systems in frequency selective fading channels , 2001, GLOBECOM'01. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (Cat. No.01CH37270).

[14]  Jorma Lilleberg,et al.  Decoding and performance of space-time trellis codes in fading channels with intersymbol interference , 2000, 11th IEEE International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications. PIMRC 2000. Proceedings (Cat. No.00TH8525).

[15]  J. Yang,et al.  Joint transmitter-receiver optimization for multi-input multi-output systems with decision feedback , 1994, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[16]  John M. Cioffi,et al.  Multiple input/multiple output (MIMO) equalization for space-time block coding , 1999, 1999 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on Communications, Computers and Signal Processing (PACRIM 1999). Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH36368).

[17]  Gerhard Bauch,et al.  MAP equalization of space-time coded signals over frequency selective channels , 1999, WCNC. 1999 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (Cat. No.99TH8466).

[18]  Naofal Al-Dhahir,et al.  Single-carrier frequency-domain equalization for space-time block-coded transmissions over frequency-selective fading channels , 2001, IEEE Communications Letters.

[19]  Chaitali Sengupta,et al.  Equalization and multiuser detection for space time block coding based transmit diversity (STD) in frequency selective channels , 2000, Vehicular Technology Conference Fall 2000. IEEE VTS Fall VTC2000. 52nd Vehicular Technology Conference (Cat. No.00CH37152).

[20]  Dante C. Youla,et al.  Bauer-type factorization of positive matrices and the theory of matrix polynomials orthogonal on the unit circle , 1978 .

[21]  G. Bauch,et al.  Iterative equalization and decoding with channel shortening filters for space-time coded modulation , 2000, Vehicular Technology Conference Fall 2000. IEEE VTS Fall VTC2000. 52nd Vehicular Technology Conference (Cat. No.00CH37152).

[22]  Ayman F. Naguib,et al.  Equalization of transmit diversity space-time coded signals , 2000, Globecom '00 - IEEE. Global Telecommunications Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.00CH37137).

[23]  A. Robert Calderbank,et al.  Finite-length MIMO decision feedback equalization for space-time block-coded signals over multipath-fading channels , 2001, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol..

[24]  Robert Schober,et al.  Equalization concepts for EDGE , 2002, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun..

[25]  Simon Haykin,et al.  Adaptive filter theory (2nd ed.) , 1991 .

[26]  R. Schober,et al.  Equalisation for EDGE mobile communications , 2000 .

[27]  Ling Li,et al.  Transmit diversity and equalization for frequency selective fading channels , 2001, IEEE VTS 53rd Vehicular Technology Conference, Spring 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01CH37202).

[28]  James L. Massey,et al.  Proper complex random processes with applications to information theory , 1993, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[29]  Pascal Chevalier,et al.  Widely linear estimation with complex data , 1995, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..

[30]  W. van Etten,et al.  Maximum Likelihood Receiver for Multiple Channel Transmission Systems , 1976, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[31]  A. Robert Calderbank,et al.  Correction to "Space-Time codes from orthogonal designs" , 2000, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[32]  Zhi Ding,et al.  Direct blind MMSE channel equalization based on second order statistics , 1999, 1999 IEEE International Conference on Communications (Cat. No. 99CH36311).

[33]  J. Guey,et al.  Signal design for transmitter diversity wireless communication systems over Rayleigh fading channels , 1996, Proceedings of Vehicular Technology Conference - VTC.

[34]  T. Moon,et al.  Mathematical Methods and Algorithms for Signal Processing , 1999 .

[35]  Riccardo Raheli,et al.  Per-Survivor Processing: a general approach to MLSE in uncertain environments , 1995, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[36]  Alexandra Duel-Hallen,et al.  Equalizers for Multiple Input/Multiple Output Channels and PAM Systems with Cyclostationary Input Sequences , 1992, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[37]  Yu-Dong Yao,et al.  Joint channel estimation and co-channel interference suppression for space-time block coded systems , 2001, Conference Record of Thirty-Fifth Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (Cat.No.01CH37256).

[38]  Babak Hassibi,et al.  High-rate codes that are linear in space and time , 2002, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[39]  Arogyaswami Paulraj,et al.  A transmit diversity scheme for channels with intersymbol interference , 2000, 2000 IEEE International Conference on Communications. ICC 2000. Global Convergence Through Communications. Conference Record.

[40]  Siavash M. Alamouti,et al.  A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications , 1998, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun..

[41]  Georgios B. Giannakis,et al.  Single-carrier space-time block-coded transmissions over frequency-selective fading channels , 2003, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[42]  Mansoor Shafi,et al.  EDGE: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM and TDMA/136 Evolution , 2002 .

[43]  G. David Forney,et al.  Maximum-likelihood sequence estimation of digital sequences in the presence of intersymbol interference , 1972, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[44]  Helmut Bölcskei,et al.  Space-frequency coded broadband OFDM systems , 2000, 2000 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. Conference Record (Cat. No.00TH8540).

[45]  Ling Li,et al.  Linear and decision feedback equalizations for space-time block coded systems in frequency selective fading channels , 2001, 12th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications. PIMRC 2001. Proceedings (Cat. No.01TH8598).

[46]  A. Wittneben,et al.  A new bandwidth efficient transmit antenna modulation diversity scheme for linear digital modulation , 1993, Proceedings of ICC '93 - IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[47]  Alexandra Duel-Hallen,et al.  Delayed decision-feedback sequence estimation , 1989, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[48]  Ran Gozali,et al.  Space-Time Codes for High Data Rate Wireless Communications , 2002 .

[49]  Haifeng Wang,et al.  MLSE receiver with bi-directional extended window for EDGE systems using STBC in frequency-selective fading channels , 2002, The 13th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[50]  Peter Jung.  Laurent's representation of binary digital continuous phase modulated signals with modulation index 1/2 revisited , 1994, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[51]  Anders Ahlén,et al.  Reuse within a cell-interference rejection or multiuser detection? , 1999, IEEE Trans. Commun..

[52]  Jan Mietzner,et al.  Compatible improvement of the GSM/EDGE system by means of space-time coding techniques , 2003, IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun..

[53]  Wolfgang H. Gerstacker,et al.  Improved Equalization For Gsm Mobile Communications , 1996 .

[54]  Robert Schober,et al.  Equalization with widely linear filtering , 2001, Proceedings. 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (IEEE Cat. No.01CH37252).

[55]  D. D. Falconer,et al.  Adaptive channel memory truncation for maximum likelihood sequence estimation , 1973 .

[56]  D. Falconer,et al.  Least sum of squared errors (LSSE) channel estimation , 1991 .

[57]  V. Braun,et al.  Space-time coding for the EDGE mobile radio system , 2000, 2000 IEEE International Conference on Personal Wireless Communications. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00TH8488).

[58]  Ali H. Sayed,et al.  The finite-length multi-input multi-output MMSE-DFE , 2000, IEEE Trans. Signal Process..