Validation therapy for dementia.

BACKGROUND Validation therapy is a "therapy for communicating with old-old people who are diagnosed as having Alzheimer's disease and related dementia". The approach was developed by Naomi Feil between 1963 and 1980. She classifies individuals with cognitive impairment as having one of four stages on a continuum of dementia: these stages are Malorientation, Time Confusion, Repetitive Motion and Vegetation. The benefits of Validation therapy for patients are reported by Feil as restoration of self worth, minimisation of the the degree to which patients withdraw from the outside world, promotion of communication and interaction with other people, reduction of stress and anxiety, stimulation of dormant potential, help in resolving unfinished life tasks, facilitation of independent living for as long as possible. These benefits are highly desirable and Validation therapy but there is a need to show them on the basis of substantive research yielding strong evidence across a number of well designed studies. The potential number of people that might benefit from the implementation of Validation therapy is considerable given the increasing incidence of dementia. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of using validation therapy with people diagnosed as having senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type, other forms of dementia, or cognitive impairment. SEARCH STRATEGY The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register was searched by the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Group Coordinator and relevant references were forwarded to the primary reviewer. The reviewers carried out independent searches of the following electronic databases - MEDLINE, EMBASE, Eureka, CINAHL, PSYCLIT, RLIN, SIGLE and SOCIOFILE. The following key terms were used in searches; validation-therapy, dementia, cognitive impairmnent, communication, and random*-control*. An author search using Feil and Naomi was also carried out. Personal contact was made with the Validation Institute, Cleveland, Ohio USA and unpublished studies were sought by direct contact with the relevant authors, or institutions. Key individuals who might provide further information regarding validation therapy were contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomised controlled trials examining Validation therapy as an intervention for dementia were considered for inclusion in review. The criteria for inclusion/exclusion comprised systematic assessment of the quality of study design and the risk of bias, using a standard data extraction form. Outcome measures of cognitive and/or behavioural change were required. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted independently by both reviewers, using a previously tested data extraction form. Authors were contacted for data not provided in the papers. Psychological scales measuring cognitive and behavioural changes were examined. Subcategory analysis was performed due to the diversity of the scales and the inability to combine data across studies. MAIN RESULTS Only three studies were identifed that potentially met the inclusion criteria and only two small studies were able to be obtained. The Peoples 1982 study was not obtainable through a British Library loan because the cost was prohibitive. Data from 2 studies were entered using MetaView - Robb 1986, Toseland et al 1997, incorporating data on a total of 87 patients (32 in the experimental group, and 55 in the control groups (usual care 34 and social contact 21)). It was not possible to pool the data from the two included studies, and therefore, subcategory analyses were carried out. The analysis of the data failed to reveal statistically significant results although there were trends toward favouring validation therapy for some outcomes. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)