Oxidative Damage and Cognitive Dysfunction: Antioxidant Treatments to Promote Healthy Brain Aging

[1]  Winnie S. Liang,et al.  Alzheimer's disease is associated with reduced expression of energy metabolism genes in posterior cingulate neurons , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[2]  In Koo Hwang,et al.  Differences in lipid peroxidation and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase in the hippocampal CA1 region between adult and aged dogs. , 2008, The Journal of veterinary medical science.

[3]  K. Yoo,et al.  Comparison of Ionized Calcium-binding Adapter Molecule 1 Immunoreactivity of the Hippocampal Dentate Gyrus and CA1 Region in Adult and Aged Dogs , 2008, Neurochemical Research.

[4]  W. Markesbery,et al.  Oxidatively modified RNA in mild cognitive impairment , 2008, Neurobiology of Disease.

[5]  Carl W. Cotman,et al.  Proteomic identification of brain proteins in the canine model of human aging following a long-term treatment with antioxidants and a program of behavioral enrichment: Relevance to Alzheimer's disease , 2008, Neurobiology of Aging.

[6]  C. Cotman,et al.  Region specific neuron loss in the aged canine hippocampus is reduced by enrichment , 2008, Neurobiology of Aging.

[7]  P. Barberger-Gateau,et al.  Dietary patterns and risk of dementia , 2007, Neurology.

[8]  W. Markesbery,et al.  Oxidative DNA damage in mild cognitive impairment and late-stage Alzheimer's disease , 2007, Nucleic acids research.

[9]  A. Bush,et al.  Mitochondria in aging and Alzheimer's disease. , 2007, Rejuvenation research.

[10]  C. Cotman,et al.  Neurogenesis decreases with age in the canine hippocampus and correlates with cognitive function , 2007, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.

[11]  D. Butterfield,et al.  Roles of amyloid β-peptide-associated oxidative stress and brain protein modifications in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment , 2007 .

[12]  A. Mori,et al.  Antioxidant Activities of Uyaku (Lindera Strychnifolia) Leaf Extract: A Natural Extract Used in Traditional Medicine , 2007, Journal of clinical biochemistry and nutrition.

[13]  J. Mendelson,et al.  Enhanced spatial ability in aged dogs following dietary and behavioural enrichment , 2007, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.

[14]  P. Mecocci,et al.  Hallmarks of protein oxidative damage in neurodegenerative diseases: focus on Alzheimer’s disease , 2007, Amino Acids.

[15]  D. Butterfield,et al.  Involvement of PI3K/PKG/ERK1/2 signaling pathways in cortical neurons to trigger protection by cotreatment of acetyl-L-carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid against HNE-mediated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: implications for Alzheimer's disease. , 2007, Free radical biology & medicine.

[16]  T. Montine,et al.  Chronic dietary α-lipoic acid reduces deficits in hippocampal memory of aged Tg2576 mice , 2007, Neurobiology of Aging.

[17]  Nancy Cook,et al.  A randomized trial of vitamin E supplementation and cognitive function in women. , 2006, Archives of internal medicine.

[18]  C. Cotman,et al.  Visuospatial function in the beagle dog: An early marker of cognitive decline in a model of human aging and dementia , 2006, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.

[19]  D. Butterfield,et al.  Acetyl‐L‐carnitine‐induced up‐regulation of heat shock proteins protects cortical neurons against amyloid‐beta peptide 1–42‐mediated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: Implications for Alzheimer's disease , 2006, Journal of neuroscience research.

[20]  F. Michetti,et al.  Canine cognitive deficit correlates with diffuse plaque maturation and S100β (−) astrocytosis but not with insulin cerebrospinal fluid level , 2006, Acta Neuropathologica.

[21]  Arie Johannes Van Der Spek,et al.  Cognitive disturbances in old dogs suffering from the canine counterpart of Alzheimer's disease , 2006, Brain Research.

[22]  P. Reddy Amyloid precursor protein‐mediated free radicals and oxidative damage: Implications for the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease , 2006, Journal of neurochemistry.

[23]  J. Hanlon,et al.  Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease in Community-Dwelling Elders Taking Vitamin C and/or Vitamin E , 2005, The Annals of pharmacotherapy.

[24]  T. Nagaoka,et al.  Changes of magnetic resonance imaging on the brain in beagle dogs with aging. , 2005, The Journal of veterinary medical science.

[25]  David Morgan,et al.  Green Tea Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) Modulates Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleavage and Reduces Cerebral Amyloidosis in Alzheimer Transgenic Mice , 2005, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[26]  D. Bennett,et al.  Vitamin E and donepezil for the treatment of mild cognitive impairment. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[27]  C. Maxwell,et al.  Supplemental Use of Antioxidant Vitamins and Subsequent Risk of Cognitive Decline and Dementia , 2005, Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders.

[28]  C. Cotman,et al.  Chronic antioxidant and mitochondrial cofactor administration improves discrimination learning in aged but not young dogs , 2005, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry.

[29]  B. Winblad,et al.  Nicastrin, Presenilin, APH-1, and PEN-2 Form Active γ-Secretase Complexes in Mitochondria* , 2004, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[30]  Min-Ying Su,et al.  Frontal lobe volume, function, and beta-amyloid pathology in a canine model of aging. , 2004, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[31]  Fahmeed Hyder,et al.  Energetic basis of brain activity: implications for neuroimaging , 2004, Trends in Neurosciences.

[32]  M. Beal,et al.  Alzheimer's brains harbor somatic mtDNA control-region mutations that suppress mitochondrial transcription and replication. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[33]  E. Gruys,et al.  Histochemical accumulation of oxidative damage products is associated with Alzheimer-like pathology in the canine , 2004, Amyloid : the international journal of experimental and clinical investigation : the official journal of the International Society of Amyloidosis.

[34]  C. Cotman,et al.  Learning ability in aged beagle dogs is preserved by behavioral enrichment and dietary fortification: a two-year longitudinal study , 2004, Neurobiology of Aging.

[35]  D. Butterfield,et al.  Free radicals and brain aging. , 2004, Clinics in geriatric medicine.

[36]  D. Butterfield Proteomics: a new approach to investigate oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease brain , 2004, Brain Research.

[37]  D. Selkoe,et al.  Alzheimer's disease: molecular understanding predicts amyloid-based therapeutics. , 2003, Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology.

[38]  E. Gruys,et al.  The role of free radicals in canine counterpart of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type , 2003, Experimental Gerontology.

[39]  Brian J Bacskai,et al.  In Vivo Imaging of Reactive Oxygen Species Specifically Associated with Thioflavine S-Positive Amyloid Plaques by Multiphoton Microscopy , 2003, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[40]  L. Thal,et al.  Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease , 2003, International clinical psychopharmacology.

[41]  N. Milgram,et al.  Effects of age on measures of complex working memory span in the beagle dog (Canis familiaris) using two versions of a spatial list learning paradigm. , 2003, Learning & memory.

[42]  R. Mayeux,et al.  Antioxidant vitamin intake and risk of Alzheimer disease. , 2003, Archives of neurology.

[43]  H. Steinbusch,et al.  Antioxidants and Alzheimer's disease: from bench to bedside (and back again) , 2002, Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care.

[44]  Y. Suh,et al.  Amyloid &bgr; peptide induces cytochrome c release from isolated mitochondria , 2002, Neuroreport.

[45]  Norton W. Milgram,et al.  Landmark discrimination learning in the dog: effects of age, an antioxidant fortified food, and cognitive strategy , 2002, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[46]  C. Cotman,et al.  Brain aging in the canine: a diet enriched in antioxidants reduces cognitive dysfunction , 2002, Neurobiology of Aging.

[47]  T. Montine,et al.  Lipid peroxidation in aging brain and Alzheimer's disease. , 2002, Free radical biology & medicine.

[48]  K. Hensley,et al.  Oxidative stress in brain aging Implications for therapeutics of neurodegenerative diseases , 2002, Neurobiology of Aging.

[49]  D. Butterfield,et al.  Proteomic identification of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain. Part II: dihydropyrimidinase‐related protein 2, α‐enolase and heat shock cognate 71 , 2002, Journal of neurochemistry.

[50]  D. Butterfield,et al.  Proteomic identification of oxidatively modified proteins in Alzheimer's disease brain. Part I: creatine kinase BB, glutamine synthase, and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L-1. , 2002, Free radical biology & medicine.

[51]  G. Perry,et al.  Oxidative Stress Increases Expression and Activity of BACE in NT2 Neurons , 2002, Neurobiology of Disease.

[52]  Denis A. Evans,et al.  Vitamin E and cognitive decline in older persons. , 2002, Archives of neurology.

[53]  B. Ames,et al.  Oxidative damage increases with age in a canine model of human brain aging , 2002, Journal of neurochemistry.

[54]  J. Witteman,et al.  Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease. , 2002, JAMA.

[55]  C. Cotman,et al.  Visuospatial impairments in aged canines (Canis familiaris): the role of cognitive-behavioral flexibility. , 2002, Behavioral neuroscience.

[56]  Gabriele Siciliano,et al.  Cytochrome c oxidase and mitochondrial F1F0-ATPase (ATP synthase) activities in platelets and brain from patients with Alzheimer’s disease , 2002, Neurobiology of Aging.

[57]  R. Mohs,et al.  Consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD) clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer's disease. , 2002, Psychopharmacology bulletin.

[58]  B. Ames,et al.  Delaying Brain Mitochondrial Decay and Aging with Mitochondrial Antioxidants and Metabolites , 2002, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[59]  J. Land,et al.  β‐Amyloid inhibits integrated mitochondrial respiration 
and key enzyme activities , 2001, Journal of neurochemistry.

[60]  R. Chandra Effect of vitamin and trace-element supplementation on cognitive function in elderly subjects. , 2001, Nutrition.

[61]  D. Allan Butterfield,et al.  Brain protein oxidation in age-related neurodegenerative disorders that are associated with aggregated proteins , 2001, Mechanisms of Ageing and Development.

[62]  F Gonzalez-Lima,et al.  Energy Hypometabolism in Posterior Cingulate Cortex of Alzheimer's Patients: Superficial Laminar Cytochrome Oxidase Associated with Disease Duration , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[63]  Virginia M. Y. Lee,et al.  Increased Lipid Peroxidation Precedes Amyloid Plaque Formation in an Animal Model of Alzheimer Amyloidosis , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[64]  P. Riederer,et al.  Alpha-lipoic acid as a new treatment option for Alzheimer [corrected] type dementia. , 2001, Archives of gerontology and geriatrics.

[65]  D. Butterfield,et al.  Protein oxidation in the brain in Alzheimer's disease , 2001, Neuroscience.

[66]  J. Bohl,et al.  Immunohistochemical investigation of the brain of aged dogs. I. Detection of neurofibrillary tangles and of 4-hydroxynonenal protein, an oxidative damage product, in senile plaques , 2001, Amyloid : the international journal of experimental and clinical investigation : the official journal of the International Society of Amyloidosis.

[67]  J. Trojanowski,et al.  Increased 8,12‐iso‐iPF2α‐VI in Alzheimer's disease: Correlation of a noninvasive index of lipid peroxidation with disease severity , 2000, Annals of neurology.

[68]  D. Praticò,et al.  Oxidative injury in diseases of the central nervous system: focus on Alzheimer's disease. , 2000, The American journal of medicine.

[69]  L. Thal,et al.  A 1-year controlled trial of acetyl-l-carnitine in early-onset AD , 2000, Neurology.

[70]  J. Hauw,et al.  Vascular and parenchymal Aβ deposition in the aging dog: correlation with behavior , 2000, Neurobiology of Aging.

[71]  A. Nunomura,et al.  Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer disease , 2000, Neurobiology of Aging.

[72]  C. Cotman,et al.  Region-specific age at onset of β-amyloid in dogs☆ , 2000, Neurobiology of Aging.

[73]  C. Masters,et al.  Mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in the human brain as a function of age , 1999, Mechanisms of Ageing and Development.

[74]  Jiankang Liu,et al.  Stress, Aging, and Brain Oxidative Damage , 1999, Neurochemical Research.

[75]  N. Bresolin,et al.  Aging-dependent large accumulation of point mutations in the human mtDNA control region for replication. , 1999, Science.

[76]  George Perry,et al.  RNA Oxidation Is a Prominent Feature of Vulnerable Neurons in Alzheimer’s Disease , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[77]  C. Behl Alzheimer's disease and oxidative stress: implications for novel therapeutic approaches , 1999, Progress in Neurobiology.

[78]  W. Markesbery,et al.  Increased DNA Oxidation and Decreased Levels of Repair Products in Alzheimer's Disease Ventricular CSF , 1999, Journal of neurochemistry.

[79]  D. Cassarino,et al.  An evaluation of the role of mitochondria in neurodegenerative diseases: mitochondrial mutations and oxidative pathology, protective nuclear responses, and cell death in neurodegeneration , 1999, Brain Research Reviews.

[80]  C. Cotman,et al.  Landmark discrimination learning in the dog. , 1999, Learning & memory.

[81]  J. Trojanowski,et al.  Increased F2‐isoprostanes in Alzheimer's disease: evidence for enhanced lipid peroxidation in vivo , 1998, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[82]  W. Markesbery,et al.  Increased Nuclear DNA Oxidation in the Brain in Alzheimer's Disease , 1998, Journal of neurochemistry.

[83]  K. Utsumi,et al.  Oxidative Damage in the Senescence‐accelerated Mouse , 1998, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[84]  C. Cotman,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging of anatomic and vascular characteristics in a canine model of human aging , 1998, Neurobiology of Aging.

[85]  C. Cotman,et al.  Visual-discrimination learning ability and β-amyloid accumulation in the dog , 1998, Neurobiology of Aging.

[86]  J. Yesavage,et al.  Acetyl L-Carnitine Slows Decline in Younger Patients With Alzheimer's Disease: A Reanalysis of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Using the Trilinear Approach , 1998, International Psychogeriatrics.

[87]  E. Stadtman,et al.  Reactive oxygen-mediated protein oxidation in aging and disease. , 1998, Drug metabolism reviews.

[88]  S. Cadenas,et al.  The rate of free radical production as a determinant of the rate of aging: evidence from the comparative approach , 1998, Journal of Comparative Physiology B.

[89]  B. Ames,et al.  The free radical theory of aging matures. , 1998, Physiological reviews.

[90]  R. D'Hooge,et al.  Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Dementia and Some Other Neurological Disorders , 1998, Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders.

[91]  W. Markesbery,et al.  Four-Hydroxynonenal, a Product of Lipid Peroxidation, is Increased in the Brain in Alzheimer’s Disease , 1998, Neurobiology of Aging.

[92]  Yau-Huei Wei,et al.  Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Human Aging , 1998, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.

[93]  K. Doi,et al.  Immunohistochemical detection of anti‐oxidative stress enzymes in the dog brain , 1997 .

[94]  C. Cotman,et al.  Neuronal DNA damage precedes tangle formation and is associated with up-regulation of nitrotyrosine in Alzheimer's disease brain , 1997, Brain Research.

[95]  R. S. Sohal,et al.  Oxidative damage during aging targets mitochondrial aconitase. , 1997, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[96]  E. Stadtman,et al.  Protein Oxidation in Aging, Disease, and Oxidative Stress* , 1997, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[97]  D. Butterfield beta-Amyloid-associated free radical oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: implications for Alzheimer's disease. , 1997, Chemical research in toxicology.

[98]  N. Cairns,et al.  An Assessment of Oxidative Damage to Proteins, Lipids, and DNA in Brain from Patients with Alzheimer's Disease , 1997, Journal of neurochemistry.

[99]  Mark A. Smith,et al.  4‐Hydroxynonenal‐Derived Advanced Lipid Peroxidation End Products Are Increased in Alzheimer's Disease , 1997, Journal of neurochemistry.

[100]  P Woodbury,et al.  A controlled trial of selegiline, alpha-tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[101]  Joseph S. Beckman,et al.  Widespread Peroxynitrite-Mediated Damage in Alzheimer’s Disease , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[102]  J. Marks,et al.  Distribution of β-amyloid in the canine brain , 1997 .

[103]  M. Tuszynski,et al.  A 1-year multicenter placebo-controlled study of acetyl-L-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease , 1996, Neurology.

[104]  Brian J Cummings,et al.  β-Amyloid Accumulation Correlates with Cognitive Dysfunction in the Aged Canine , 1996, Neurobiology of Learning and Memory.

[105]  R. S. Sohal,et al.  Age-related losses of cognitive function and motor skills in mice are associated with oxidative protein damage in the brain. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[106]  J. Piatigorsky,et al.  Oxidative Stress Increases Production of -Amyloid Precursor Protein and -Amyloid (A) in Mammalian Lenses, and A Has Toxic Effects on Lens Epithelial Cells (*) , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[107]  D. Butterfield,et al.  Brain Regional Correspondence Between Alzheimer's Disease Histopathology and Biomarkers of Protein Oxidation , 1995, Journal of neurochemistry.

[108]  J. Zweier,et al.  Non-enzymatically glycated tau in Alzheimer's disease induces neuronal oxidant stress resulting in cytokine gene expression and release of amyloid β-peptide , 1995, Nature Medicine.

[109]  Brian J Cummings,et al.  Spatial learning and memory as a function of age in the dog. , 1995, Behavioral neuroscience.

[110]  William E. Klunk,et al.  Clinical and neurochemical effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in Alzheimer's disease , 1995, Neurobiology of Aging.

[111]  M. Cini,et al.  Studies on lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in the aging brain , 1995, Neurobiology of Aging.

[112]  B. Ames,et al.  Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[113]  Patrizia Mecocci,et al.  Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA is increased in Alzheimer's disease , 1994, Annals of neurology.

[114]  A. Palmer,et al.  Selective increase in lipid peroxidation in the inferior temporal cortex in Alzheimer's disease , 1994, Brain Research.

[115]  M. Mattson,et al.  A model for beta-amyloid aggregation and neurotoxicity based on free radical generation by the peptide: relevance to Alzheimer disease. , 1994, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[116]  N. Milgram,et al.  Cognitive functions and aging in the dog: acquisition of nonspatial visual tasks , 1994 .

[117]  Brian J Cummings,et al.  β-Amyloid accumulation in aged canine brain: A model of early plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease , 1993, Neurobiology of Aging.

[118]  P. Mecocci,et al.  Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA shows marked age‐dependent increases in human brain , 1993, Annals of neurology.

[119]  B. Ames,et al.  Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. , 1993, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[120]  B. Ames,et al.  Oxidants Are a Major Contributor to Aging a , 1992, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[121]  E. Stadtman Protein oxidation and aging. , 1992, Free radical research.

[122]  D. Wallace Mitochondrial genetics: a paradigm for aging and degenerative diseases? , 1992, Science.

[123]  J. Hardy,et al.  Alzheimer's disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis. , 1992, Science.

[124]  N. Robakis,et al.  Immunohistochemical evidence of antioxidant stress in Alzheimer's disease , 1992 .

[125]  W. Markesbery,et al.  Excess brain protein oxidation and enzyme dysfunction in normal aging and in Alzheimer disease. , 1991, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[126]  M. Alberoni,et al.  Long‐term acetyl‐L‐carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's disease , 1991, Neurology.

[127]  S. M. Sumi,et al.  The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) , 1991, Neurology.

[128]  E. Bonavita Study of the efficacy and tolerability of L-acetylcarnitine therapy in the senile brain. , 1986, International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology.

[129]  B. Halliwell,et al.  Oxygen radicals and the nervous system , 1985, Trends in Neurosciences.

[130]  J. Johnson,et al.  Mitochondrial role in cell aging , 1980, Experimental Gerontology.

[131]  Ally Souster,et al.  Notes on Contributors , 1974, Philosophy.

[132]  H. Wiśniewski,et al.  Senile plaques and cerebral amyloidosis in aged dogs. A histochemical and ultrastructural study. , 1970, Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology.

[133]  Jiankang Liu The Effects and Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Nutrient α-Lipoic Acid on Improving Age-Associated Mitochondrial and Cognitive Dysfunction: An Overview , 2007, Neurochemical Research.

[134]  G. Münch,et al.  α-Lipoic acid as a new treatment option for Alzheimer’s disease — a 48 months follow-up analysis , 2007 .

[135]  V. Kokilavani,et al.  Age-dependent alterations in mitochondrial enzymes in cortex, striatum and hippocampus of rat brain – potential role of L-Carnitine , 2004, Biogerontology.

[136]  Deborah Gustafson,et al.  Reduced risk of Alzheimer disease in users of antioxidant vitamin supplements: the Cache County Study. , 2004, Archives of neurology.

[137]  C. Cotman,et al.  Size and reversal learning in the beagle dog as a measure of executive function and inhibitory control in aging. , 2003, Learning & memory.

[138]  M. Trabucchi,et al.  Effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in Alzheimer's disease patients unresponsive to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. , 2003, Current medical research and opinion.

[139]  C. Cotman,et al.  Neurobiological Models of Aging in the Dog and Other Vertebrate Species , 2001 .

[140]  Patrick R. Hof,et al.  Functional neurobiology of aging , 2001 .

[141]  D. Olson Association of vitamin E and C supplement use with cognitive function and dementia in elderly men. , 2000, Neurology.

[142]  L. Packer,et al.  Mitochondrial dysfunction in the senescence accelerated mouse (SAM). , 1998, Free radical biology & medicine.

[143]  J. Blass,et al.  Abnormalities of mitochondrial enzymes in Alzheimer disease , 1998, Journal of Neural Transmission.

[144]  W R Markesbery,et al.  Oxidative stress hypothesis in Alzheimer's disease. , 1997, Free radical biology & medicine.

[145]  D. Selkoe,et al.  Normal and abnormal biology of the beta-amyloid precursor protein. , 1994, Annual review of neuroscience.

[146]  J. Wegiel,et al.  Aged dogs: an animal model to study beta-protein amyloidogenesis , 1990 .

[147]  A. N. Exton-smith,et al.  Double-blind, placebo controlled study of acetyl-l-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's dementia. , 1990, Current medical research and opinion.

[148]  P. Riederer,et al.  Alzheimer’s Disease. Epidemiology, Neuropathology, Neurochemistry, and Clinics , 1990, Key Topics in Brain Research.