Circadian Rhythm Disturbances in Mood Disorders: Insights into the Role of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Circadian rhythm disturbances are a common symptom among individuals with mood disorders. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), in the ventral part of the anterior hypothalamus, orchestrates physiological and behavioral circadian rhythms. The SCN consists of self-sustaining oscillators and receives photic and nonphotic cues, which entrain the SCN to the external environment. In turn, through synaptic and hormonal mechanisms, the SCN can drive and synchronize circadian rhythms in extra-SCN brain regions and peripheral tissues. Thus, genetic or environmental perturbations of SCN rhythms could disrupt brain regions more closely related to mood regulation and cause mood disturbances. Here, we review clinical and preclinical studies that provide evidence both for and against a causal role for the SCN in mood disorders.

[1]  H. Piggins,et al.  Contributions of the lateral habenula to circadian timekeeping , 2017, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.

[2]  L. Zweifel,et al.  Direct Midbrain Dopamine Input to the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Accelerates Circadian Entrainment , 2017, Current Biology.

[3]  G. Prusky,et al.  Mood, the Circadian System, and Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cells. , 2017, Annual review of neuroscience.

[4]  P. F. D. de Bruin,et al.  Chronotype and circadian rhythm in bipolar disorder: A systematic review. , 2017, Sleep medicine reviews.

[5]  S. Kyeong,et al.  Functional connectivity of the circadian clock and neural substrates of sleep-wake disturbance in delirium , 2017, Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging.

[6]  A. Carvalho,et al.  Lithium ameliorates sleep deprivation‐induced mania‐like behavior, hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis alterations, oxidative stress and elevations of cytokine concentrations in the brain and serum of mice , 2017, Bipolar disorders.

[7]  Hugh D. Piggins,et al.  Circadian Disruptions in the Myshkin Mouse Model of Mania Are Independent of Deficits in Suprachiasmatic Molecular Clock Function , 2017, Biological Psychiatry.

[8]  M. W. Young,et al.  Mutation of the Human Circadian Clock Gene CRY1 in Familial Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder , 2017, Cell.

[9]  J. Ripperger,et al.  Rev‐erbα modulates the hypothalamic orexinergic system to influence pleasurable feeding behaviour in mice , 2017, Addiction biology.

[10]  R. Turner,et al.  Habenula volume increases with disease severity in unmedicated major depressive disorder as revealed by 7T MRI , 2017, European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience.

[11]  P. Gallagher,et al.  Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbance in bipolar disorder , 2017, Psychological Medicine.

[12]  M. Dubocovich,et al.  Role of the MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptors in mediating depressive‐ and anxiety‐like behaviors in C3H/HeN mice , 2017, Genes, brain, and behavior.

[13]  A. Prochiantz,et al.  The dopamine hypothesis of bipolar affective disorder: the state of the art and implications for treatment , 2017, Molecular Psychiatry.

[14]  Christophe D. Proulx,et al.  Genetic Disruption of Circadian Rhythms in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Causes Helplessness, Behavioral Despair, and Anxiety-like Behavior in Mice , 2016, Biological Psychiatry.

[15]  S. Honma,et al.  Lithium lengthens circadian period of cultured brain slices in area specific manner , 2016, Behavioural Brain Research.

[16]  H. O. de la Iglesia,et al.  Circadian Forced Desynchrony of the Master Clock Leads to Phenotypic Manifestation of Depression in Rats , 2016, eNeuro.

[17]  Yun Wang,et al.  Light deprivation produces a sexual dimorphic effect on neural excitability and depression-like behavior in mice , 2016, Neuroscience Letters.

[18]  N. Kronfeld-Schor,et al.  Utilization of Diurnal Rodents in the Research of Depression , 2016, Drug development research.

[19]  P. Willner,et al.  The chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression: History, evaluation and usage , 2016, Neurobiology of Stress.

[20]  Christopher R. Jones,et al.  A Cryptochrome 2 mutation yields advanced sleep phase in humans , 2016, eLife.

[21]  Sooyoung Chung,et al.  Advanced Circadian Phase in Mania and Delayed Circadian Phase in Mixed Mania and Depression Returned to Normal after Treatment of Bipolar Disorder , 2016, EBioMedicine.

[22]  M. McCarthy,et al.  The mood stabilizer valproic acid opposes the effects of dopamine on circadian rhythms , 2016, Neuropharmacology.

[23]  Andres Metspalu,et al.  Genome-Wide Association Analyses in 128,266 Individuals Identifies New Morningness and Sleep Duration Loci , 2016, PLoS genetics.

[24]  M. Horne,et al.  Differences in Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Associated with Summer and Winter Photoperiods in Humans , 2016, PloS one.

[25]  L. Polidarová,et al.  Melatonin is a redundant entraining signal in the rat circadian system , 2016, Hormones and Behavior.

[26]  Matthias J. Müller,et al.  Eveningness and poor sleep quality independently contribute to self-reported depression severity in psychiatric inpatients with affective disorder , 2016, Nordic journal of psychiatry.

[27]  P. Haynes,et al.  Social Rhythm Therapies for Mood Disorders: an Update , 2016, Current Psychiatry Reports.

[28]  B. Rusak,et al.  Agomelatine affects rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons via melatonin and serotonin receptors. , 2016, Life sciences.

[29]  Yoshiharu Kim,et al.  24-h activity rhythm and sleep in depressed outpatients. , 2016, Journal of psychiatric research.

[30]  C. McClung,et al.  Animal models of bipolar mania: The past, present and future , 2016, Neuroscience.

[31]  D. Landgraf,et al.  Depression‐like behaviour in mice is associated with disrupted circadian rhythms in nucleus accumbens and periaqueductal grey , 2016, The European journal of neuroscience.

[32]  David K. Welsh,et al.  Lithium effects on circadian rhythms in fibroblasts and suprachiasmatic nucleus slices from Cry knockout mice , 2016, Neuroscience Letters.

[33]  A. Kulkarni.  Nitric Oxide (NO) System in Major Depression: Studies on NO Synthase Inhibitors as Antidepressant Agents , 2016 .

[34]  M. Zeman,et al.  Decreased emotional reactivity of rats exposed to repeated phase shifts of light–dark cycle , 2016, Physiology & Behavior.

[35]  Max A. Little,et al.  Genome-wide association analysis identifies novel loci for chronotype in 100,420 individuals from the UK Biobank , 2016, Nature Communications.

[36]  Shu-qun Shi,et al.  Molecular analyses of circadian gene variants reveal sex-dependent links between depression and clocks , 2016, Translational Psychiatry.

[37]  L. Thabane,et al.  Light therapy for non-seasonal depression: systematic review and meta-analysis , 2016, BJPsych Open.

[38]  Christopher R. Jones,et al.  A PERIOD3 variant causes a circadian phenotype and is associated with a seasonal mood trait , 2016, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[39]  N. Eriksson,et al.  GWAS of 89,283 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with self-reporting of being a morning person , 2016, Nature Communications.

[40]  M. Sehmbi,et al.  The association between biological rhythms, depression, and functioning in bipolar disorder: a large multi‐center study , 2016, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[41]  M. McCarthy,et al.  Calcium channel genes associated with bipolar disorder modulate lithium's amplification of circadian rhythms , 2016, Neuropharmacology.

[42]  G. Tosini,et al.  Melatonin Signaling Controls the Daily Rhythm in Blood Glucose Levels Independent of Peripheral Clocks , 2016, PloS one.

[43]  G. Tseng,et al.  Effects of aging on circadian patterns of gene expression in the human prefrontal cortex , 2015, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[44]  M. Carceller‐Sindreu,et al.  Volumetric MRI study of the habenula in first episode, recurrent and chronic major depression , 2015, European Neuropsychopharmacology.

[45]  S. Maret,et al.  In Vivo Imaging of the Central and Peripheral Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Suprachiasmatic Nuclei Lesion on PERIOD-2 Protein in Mice. , 2015, Sleep.

[46]  G. Rainer,et al.  Mice lacking circadian clock components display different mood-related behaviors and do not respond uniformly to chronic lithium treatment , 2015, Chronobiology international.

[47]  Andrea G. Gillman,et al.  Chronic Stress Induces Brain Region-Specific Alterations of Molecular Rhythms that Correlate with Depression-like Behavior in Mice , 2015, Biological Psychiatry.

[48]  M. Savenkova,et al.  Environmental disruption of the circadian clock leads to altered sleep and immune responses in mouse , 2015, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.

[49]  D. Kupfer,et al.  The longitudinal course of sleep timing and circadian preferences in adults with bipolar disorder , 2015, Bipolar disorders.

[50]  D. Kripke,et al.  Photoperiodic and circadian bifurcation theories of depression and mania , 2015, F1000Research.

[51]  J. Prasko,et al.  The circadian system of patients with bipolar disorder differs in episodes of mania and depression , 2015, Bipolar disorders.

[52]  L. Descarries,et al.  Anatomical and cellular localization of melatonin MT1 and MT2 receptors in the adult rat brain , 2015, Journal of pineal research.

[53]  M. Furuse,et al.  Melatonin adjusts the expression pattern of clock genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and induces antidepressant-like effect in a mouse model of seasonal affective disorder , 2015, Chronobiology international.

[54]  J. Cipolla-Neto,et al.  Pinealectomy interferes with the circadian clock genes expression in white adipose tissue , 2015, Journal of pineal research.

[55]  D. Pollak,et al.  Anhedonic behavior in cryptochrome 2-deficient mice is paralleled by altered diurnal patterns of amygdala gene expression , 2015, Amino Acids.

[56]  P. de Jonge,et al.  Intra- and inter-individual variability of longitudinal daytime melatonin secretion patterns in depressed and non-depressed individuals , 2015, Chronobiology international.

[57]  J. Takahashi,et al.  Neuromedin S-Producing Neurons Act as Essential Pacemakers in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus to Couple Clock Neurons and Dictate Circadian Rhythms , 2015, Neuron.

[58]  K. Gamble,et al.  Circadian Rhythmicity of Active GSK3 Isoforms Modulates Molecular Clock Gene Rhythms in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus , 2015, Journal of biological rhythms.

[59]  J. Quevedo,et al.  Histone deacetylase inhibitors reverse manic-like behaviors and protect the rat brain from energetic metabolic alterations induced by ouabain , 2015, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.

[60]  S. Comai,et al.  Melancholic-Like Behaviors and Circadian Neurobiological Abnormalities in Melatonin MT1 Receptor Knockout Mice , 2015, The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology.

[61]  M. Treadway,et al.  Reward processing dysfunction in major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia , 2015, Current opinion in psychiatry.

[62]  Fabian Fernandez,et al.  Dysrhythmia in the suprachiasmatic nucleus inhibits memory processing , 2014, Science.

[63]  Cristina Mazuski,et al.  Network-Mediated Encoding of Circadian Time: The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) from Genes to Neurons to Circuits, and Back , 2014, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[64]  L. P. Morin,et al.  Retinofugal projections in the mouse , 2014, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[65]  A. IJzerman,et al.  Caffeine increases light responsiveness of the mouse circadian pacemaker , 2014, The European journal of neuroscience.

[66]  J. Rosenberg,et al.  The therapeutic or prophylactic effect of exogenous melatonin against depression and depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis , 2014, European Neuropsychopharmacology.

[67]  K. Deisseroth,et al.  Daytime spikes in dopaminergic activity drive rapid mood-cycling in mice , 2014, Molecular Psychiatry.

[68]  S. Amir,et al.  Stress-Induced Changes in the Expression of the Clock Protein PERIOD1 in the Rat Limbic Forebrain and Hypothalamus: Role of Stress Type, Time of Day, and Predictability , 2014, PloS one.

[69]  C. Helfrich-Förster,et al.  Repeated psychosocial stress at night, but not day, affects the central molecular clock , 2014, Chronobiology international.

[70]  M. Gahr.  Agomelatine in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder: An Assessment of Benefits and Risks , 2014, Current neuropharmacology.

[71]  M. Millan,et al.  Agomelatine: mechanism of action and pharmacological profile in relation to antidepressant properties , 2014, British journal of pharmacology.

[72]  Samer Hattar,et al.  Light as a central modulator of circadian rhythms, sleep and affect , 2014, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[73]  L. Kriegsfeld,et al.  Circadian rhythms have broad implications for understanding brain and behavior , 2014, The European journal of neuroscience.

[74]  Sooyoung Chung,et al.  Impact of Circadian Nuclear Receptor REV-ERBα on Midbrain Dopamine Production and Mood Regulation , 2014, Cell.

[75]  D. Welsh,et al.  Cell Type-Specific Functions of Period Genes Revealed by Novel Adipocyte and Hepatocyte Circadian Clock Models , 2014, PLoS genetics.

[76]  R. Nelson,et al.  The effects of light at night on circadian clocks and metabolism. , 2014, Endocrine reviews.

[77]  B. Prendergast,et al.  Circadian arrhythmia dysregulates emotional behaviors in aged Siberian hamsters , 2014, Behavioural Brain Research.

[78]  P. Pévet,et al.  Like melatonin, agomelatine (S20098) increases the amplitude of oscillations of two clock outputs: melatonin and temperature rhythms , 2014, Chronobiology international.

[79]  Ole Bernt Fasmer,et al.  Actigraphic Assessment of Motor Activity in Acutely Admitted Inpatients with Bipolar Disorder , 2014, PloS one.

[80]  J. Takahashi,et al.  Molecular architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. , 2014, Trends in cell biology.

[81]  R. Nelson,et al.  Exercise attenuates the metabolic effects of dim light at night , 2014, Physiology & Behavior.

[82]  Fritz A. Henn,et al.  Increased metabolic activity in the septum and habenula during stress is linked to subsequent expression of learned helplessness behavior , 2013, Front. Hum. Neurosci..

[83]  G. Goodwin,et al.  Efficacy of agomelatine and escitalopram on depression, subjective sleep and emotional experiences in patients with major depressive disorder: a 24-wk randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. , 2013, The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology.

[84]  B. Bogerts,et al.  Volumetric analysis of the hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus in non-suicidal and suicidal mood disorder patients--a post-mortem study. , 2013, CNS & neurological disorders drug targets.

[85]  Katharina Wulff,et al.  Daily rest-activity patterns in the bipolar phenotype: A controlled actigraphy study , 2013, Chronobiology international.

[86]  E. Valjent,et al.  Cognitive dysfunction, elevated anxiety, and reduced cocaine response in circadian clock-deficient cryptochrome knockout mice , 2013, Front. Behav. Neurosci..

[87]  H. Kori,et al.  Mice Genetically Deficient in Vasopressin V1a and V1b Receptors Are Resistant to Jet Lag , 2013, Science.

[88]  M. McCarthy,et al.  Genetic and clinical factors predict lithium's effects on PER2 gene expression rhythms in cells from bipolar disorder patients , 2013, Translational Psychiatry.

[89]  I. Hickie,et al.  Sleep-wake cycle and melatonin rhythms in adolescents and young adults with mood disorders: Comparison of unipolar and bipolar phenotypes , 2013, European Psychiatry.

[90]  C. Escobar,et al.  Disruption of circadian rhythms due to chronic constant light leads to depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in the rat , 2013, Behavioural Brain Research.

[91]  K. Kiening,et al.  A new translational target for deep brain stimulation to treat depression , 2013, EMBO molecular medicine.

[92]  K. Manda,et al.  Melatonin ameliorates chronic mild stress induced behavioral dysfunctions in mice , 2013, Physiology & Behavior.

[93]  N. Kronfeld-Schor,et al.  Effects of circadian phase and melatonin injection on anxiety-like behavior in nocturnal and diurnal rodents , 2013, Chronobiology international.

[94]  W. Bunney,et al.  Mechanisms of Rapid Antidepressant Effects of Sleep Deprivation Therapy: Clock Genes and Circadian Rhythms , 2013, Biological Psychiatry.

[95]  F. Scheer,et al.  Alterations of melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus during depression. , 2013, Journal of affective disorders.

[96]  M. Geyer,et al.  Chronic valproate attenuates some, but not all, facets of mania-like behaviour in mice. , 2013, The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology.

[97]  A. Coogan,et al.  Circadian and behavioural responses to shift work-like schedules of light/dark in the mouse , 2013, Journal of molecular psychiatry.

[98]  R. Myers,et al.  Circadian patterns of gene expression in the human brain and disruption in major depressive disorder , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[99]  L. P. Morin.  Neuroanatomy of the extended circadian rhythm system , 2013, Experimental Neurology.

[100]  E. Herzog,et al.  The clock shop: Coupled circadian oscillators , 2013, Experimental Neurology.

[101]  Stefan Leutgeb,et al.  Neurotransmitter Switching in the Adult Brain Regulates Behavior , 2013, Science.

[102]  E. Maywood,et al.  Distinct and Separable Roles for Endogenous CRY1 and CRY2 within the Circadian Molecular Clockwork of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, as Revealed by the Fbxl3Afh Mutation , 2013, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[103]  S. Inoue,et al.  Factors Associated With Shift Work Disorder in Nurses Working With Rapid-Rotation Schedules in Japan: The Nurses’ Sleep Health Project , 2013, Chronobiology international.

[104]  J. Langel,et al.  Responses of brain and behavior to changing day-length in the diurnal grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) , 2013, Neuroscience.

[105]  I. Hickie,et al.  Manipulating the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms to improve clinical management of major depression , 2013, BMC Medicine.

[106]  F. Vaglini,et al.  Bright light exposure reduces TH-positive dopamine neurons: implications of light pollution in Parkinson's disease epidemiology , 2013, Scientific Reports.

[107]  C. Sánchez,et al.  The effects of combining serotonin reuptake inhibition and 5-HT7 receptor blockade on circadian rhythm regulation in rodents , 2013, Physiology & Behavior.

[108]  C. McClung,et al.  Circadian genes Period 1 and Period 2 in the nucleus accumbens regulate anxiety‐related behavior , 2013, The European journal of neuroscience.

[109]  D. Hines,et al.  Antidepressant effects of sleep deprivation require astrocyte-dependent adenosine mediated signaling , 2013, Translational Psychiatry.

[110]  Jie Shi,et al.  Hippocampal CLOCK protein participates in the persistence of depressive-like behavior induced by chronic unpredictable stress , 2012, Psychopharmacology.

[111]  R. Johnson,et al.  Disruption of circadian rhythmicity and suprachiasmatic action potential frequency in a mouse model with constitutive activation of glycogen synthase kinase 3 , 2012, Neuroscience.

[112]  D. Bechtold,et al.  Suppressed cellular oscillations in after-hours mutant mice are associated with enhanced circadian phase-resetting , 2012, The Journal of physiology.

[113]  Sunggu Yang,et al.  Aberrant light directly impairs mood and learning through melanopsin-expressing neurons , 2012, Nature.

[114]  G. Goelman,et al.  The habenula couples the dopaminergic and the serotonergic systems: application to depression in Parkinson’s disease , 2012, The European journal of neuroscience.

[115]  S. Cichon,et al.  Reduced Anxiety and Depression-Like Behaviours in the Circadian Period Mutant Mouse Afterhours , 2012, PloS one.

[116]  E. Unterwald,et al.  Inhibition of GSK3 attenuates amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and sensitization in the mouse , 2012, Behavioural Brain Research.

[117]  R. Reiter,et al.  Melatonin membrane receptors in peripheral tissues: Distribution and functions , 2012, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.

[118]  Satchidananda Panda,et al.  Regulation of Circadian Behavior and Metabolism by Rev-erbα and Rev-erbβ , 2012, Nature.

[119]  A. Loudon,et al.  Lithium Impacts on the Amplitude and Period of the Molecular Circadian Clockwork , 2012, PloS one.

[120]  J. Borjigin,et al.  Circadian regulation of pineal gland rhythmicity , 2012, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.

[121]  R. Duman,et al.  Signaling pathways underlying the pathophysiology and treatment of depression: novel mechanisms for rapid-acting agents , 2012, Trends in Neurosciences.

[122]  N. Kronfeld-Schor,et al.  Circadian rhythms and depression: Human psychopathology and animal models , 2012, Neuropharmacology.

[123]  R. Turner,et al.  Structural studies of the hypothalamus and its nuclei in mood disorders , 2012, Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging.

[124]  J. Beaulieu,et al.  Inhibition of GSK3 by lithium, from single molecules to signaling networks , 2012, Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience.

[125]  K. Miyazaki,et al.  Chronic stress affects PERIOD2 expression through glycogen synthase kinase-3&bgr; phosphorylation in the central clock , 2012, Neuroreport.

[126]  R. Machado-Vieira,et al.  Histone Deacetylases and Mood Disorders: Epigenetic Programming in Gene‐Environment Interactions , 2011, CNS neuroscience & therapeutics.

[127]  D. McMahon,et al.  Interactions of the serotonin and circadian systems: nature and nurture in rhythms and blues , 2011, Neuroscience.

[128]  Bruno Etain,et al.  Circadian biomarkers, circadian genes and bipolar disorders , 2011, Journal of Physiology-Paris.

[129]  G. Lundkvist,et al.  Valproic Acid Phase Shifts the Rhythmic Expression of PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE , 2011, Journal of biological rhythms.

[130]  J. Roder,et al.  Mania-like behavior induced by genetic dysfunction of the neuron-specific Na+,K+-ATPase α3 sodium pump , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[131]  C. Colwell.  Linking neural activity and molecular oscillations in the SCN , 2011, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[132]  M. Leboyer,et al.  Genetics of circadian rhythms and mood spectrum disorders , 2011, European Neuropsychopharmacology.

[133]  W. Bunney,et al.  Ketamine Influences CLOCK:BMAL1 Function Leading to Altered Circadian Gene Expression , 2011, PloS one.

[134]  M. Maj,et al.  Circadian rhythms and treatment implications in depression , 2011, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry.

[135]  Jie Shi,et al.  Chronic unpredictable stress induces a reversible change of PER2 rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus , 2011, Brain Research.

[136]  B. Binder,et al.  Constant Darkness Induces IL-6-Dependent Depression-Like Behavior through the NF-κB Signaling Pathway , 2011, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[137]  J. Hogenesch,et al.  Intracellular and intercellular processes determine robustness of the circadian clock , 2011, FEBS letters.

[138]  M. Geyer,et al.  Increased risk-taking behavior in dopamine transporter knockdown mice: further support for a mouse model of mania , 2011, Journal of psychopharmacology.

[139]  J. Roiser,et al.  Habenula Volume in Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder: A High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study , 2011, Biological Psychiatry.

[140]  P. Bourgin,et al.  Acute Light Exposure Suppresses Circadian Rhythms in Clock Gene Expression , 2011, Journal of biological rhythms.

[141]  N. Kronfeld-Schor,et al.  Inconsistent effects of photoperiod manipulations in tests for affective-like changes in mice: implications for the selection of appropriate model animals , 2011, Behavioural pharmacology.

[142]  N. Kronfeld-Schor,et al.  Antidepressants Reverse Short-Photoperiod-Induced, Forced Swim Test Depression-Like Behavior in the Diurnal Fat Sand Rat: Further Support for the Utilization of Diurnal Rodents for Modeling Affective Disorders , 2011, Neuropsychobiology.

[143]  R. Nelson,et al.  Potential animal models of seasonal affective disorder , 2011, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[144]  Erik B. Bloss,et al.  Disruption of circadian clocks has ramifications for metabolism, brain, and behavior , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[145]  H. Piggins,et al.  Circadian oscillators in the epithalamus , 2010, Neuroscience.

[146]  Laurent Coque,et al.  Knockdown of Clock in the Ventral Tegmental Area Through RNA Interference Results in a Mixed State of Mania and Depression-Like Behavior , 2010, Biological Psychiatry.

[147]  H. Heller,et al.  Separating the contribution of glucocorticoids and wakefulness to the molecular and electrophysiological correlates of sleep homeostasis. , 2010, Sleep.

[148]  M. Millan,et al.  Agomelatine, the first melatonergic antidepressant: discovery, characterization and development , 2010, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery.

[149]  D. Kennaway,et al.  Review: Clock genes at the heart of depression , 2010, Journal of psychopharmacology.

[150]  J. Sweatt,et al.  Deficiency in the Inhibitory Serine-Phosphorylation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Increases Sensitivity to Mood Disturbances , 2010, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[151]  C. Eastman,et al.  Human phase response curves to three days of daily melatonin: 0.5 mg versus 3.0 mg. , 2010, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[152]  F. Kapczinski,et al.  Circadian preference in bipolar disorder , 2010, Sleep and Breathing.

[153]  M. J. Duncan,et al.  The effects of aging and chronic fluoxetine treatment on circadian rhythms and suprachiasmatic nucleus expression of neuropeptide genes and 5‐HT1B receptors , 2010, The European journal of neuroscience.

[154]  D F Swaab,et al.  Vasopressin and the Output of the Hypothalamic Biological Clock , 2010, Journal of neuroendocrinology.

[155]  A. Yoshiki,et al.  Genetic variation of melatonin productivity in laboratory mice under domestication , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[156]  T. Partonen,et al.  PER2 variantion is associated with depression vulnerability , 2010, American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics.

[157]  D. Golombek,et al.  Circadian entrainment to light–dark cycles involves extracellular nitric oxide communication within the suprachiasmatic nuclei , 2010, The European journal of neuroscience.

[158]  T. Paunio,et al.  Systematic Analysis of Circadian Genes in a Population-Based Sample Reveals Association of TIMELESS with Depression and Sleep Disturbance , 2010, PloS one.

[159]  David K Welsh,et al.  Suprachiasmatic nucleus: cell autonomy and network properties. , 2010, Annual review of physiology.

[160]  Peter Kirsch,et al.  Remission of Major Depression Under Deep Brain Stimulation of the Lateral Habenula in a Therapy-Refractory Patient , 2010, Biological Psychiatry.

[161]  M. Gratacós,et al.  Differential Association of Circadian Genes with Mood Disorders: CRY1 and NPAS2 are Associated with Unipolar Major Depression and CLOCK and VIP with Bipolar Disorder , 2010, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[162]  E. Borrelli,et al.  Regulation of BMAL1 Protein Stability and Circadian Function by GSK3β-Mediated Phosphorylation , 2010, PloS one.

[163]  M. Antoch,et al.  A serine cluster mediates BMAL1-dependent CLOCK phosphorylation and degradation , 2009, Cell cycle.

[164]  V. Natale,et al.  Depressive symptomatology is influenced by chronotypes. , 2009, Journal of affective disorders.

[165]  P. Fletcher,et al.  Abnormalities in brain structure and behavior in GSK-3alpha mutant mice , 2009, Molecular Brain.

[166]  S. Faraone,et al.  Evidence for genetic association of RORB with bipolar disorder , 2009, BMC psychiatry.

[167]  Martin P Paulus,et al.  A reverse-translational study of dysfunctional exploration in psychiatric disorders: from mice to men. , 2009, Archives of general psychiatry.

[168]  K. Truong,et al.  Efferent Projections of Prokineticin 2 Expressing Neurons in the Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nucleus , 2009, PloS one.

[169]  Alexis B. Webb,et al.  Intrinsic, nondeterministic circadian rhythm generation in identified mammalian neurons , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[170]  C. Ackerley,et al.  Mutation I810N in the α3 isoform of Na+,K+-ATPase causes impairments in the sodium pump and hyperexcitability in the CNS , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[171]  B. Bogerts,et al.  Evidence for structural abnormalities of the human habenular complex in affective disorders but not in schizophrenia , 2009, Psychological Medicine.

[172]  N. Kronfeld-Schor,et al.  Effects of bright light treatment on depression- and anxiety-like behaviors of diurnal rodents maintained on a short daylight schedule , 2009, Behavioural Brain Research.

[173]  S. Potkin,et al.  Rapid and Sustained Antidepressant Response with Sleep Deprivation and Chronotherapy in Bipolar Disorder , 2009, Biological Psychiatry.

[174]  D. Clesse,et al.  New light on the serotonergic paradox in the rat circadian system , 2009, Journal of neurochemistry.

[175]  D. Kupfer,et al.  Replicable differences in preferred circadian phase between bipolar disorder patients and control individuals , 2009, Psychiatry Research.

[176]  Katherine J. Burton,et al.  Vasopressin receptor V1a regulates circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and expression of clock-controlled genes in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. , 2009, American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology.

[177]  N. Kronfeld-Schor,et al.  We are in the dark here: induction of depression- and anxiety-like behaviours in the diurnal fat sand rat, by short daylight or melatonin injections. , 2009, The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology.

[178]  M. Harrington,et al.  Visualizing jet lag in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus and peripheral circadian timing system , 2009, The European journal of neuroscience.

[179]  P. Renshaw,et al.  Activation of suprachiasmatic nuclei and primary visual cortex depends upon time of day , 2009, The European journal of neuroscience.

[180]  P. Schultz,et al.  A chemical biology approach reveals period shortening of the mammalian circadian clock by specific inhibition of GSK-3β , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[181]  Christian R. Dolder,et al.  Agomelatine Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder , 2008, The Annals of pharmacotherapy.

[182]  Anne Germain,et al.  Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression , 2008, Human psychopharmacology.

[183]  Florian Kreppel,et al.  SIRT1 Regulates Circadian Clock Gene Expression through PER2 Deacetylation , 2008, Cell.

[184]  A. Harvey.  Sleep and circadian rhythms in bipolar disorder: seeking synchrony, harmony, and regulation. , 2008, The American journal of psychiatry.

[185]  J. Kaplanski,et al.  Mechanisms of action of the mood stabilizer valproate: A focus on GSK-3 inhibition , 2008 .

[186]  K. Nomura,et al.  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and raft inhibitors shorten the period of Period1-driven circadian bioluminescence rhythms in rat-1 fibroblasts. , 2008, Life sciences.

[187]  Gudrun Ahnert-Hilger,et al.  Regulation of Monoamine Oxidase A by Circadian-Clock Components Implies Clock Influence on Mood , 2008, Current Biology.

[188]  D. Clesse,et al.  Serotonergic activation potentiates light resetting of the main circadian clock and alters clock gene expression in a diurnal rodent , 2008, Experimental Neurology.

[189]  G. Aston-Jones,et al.  Light deprivation damages monoamine neurons and produces a depressive behavioral phenotype in rats , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[190]  Hua Zhao,et al.  Lateral habenula lesions improve the behavioral response in depressed rats via increasing the serotonin level in dorsal raphe nucleus , 2008, Behavioural Brain Research.

[191]  Nobumasa Kato,et al.  Gene expression profiling of major depression and suicide in the prefrontal cortex of postmortem brains , 2008, Neuroscience Research.

[192]  E. Smeraldi,et al.  Chronotherapeutics in a psychiatric ward. , 2007, Sleep medicine reviews.

[193]  M. Morris,et al.  Diurnal behavioral and endocrine effects of chronic shaker stress in mice. , 2007, Neuro endocrinology letters.

[194]  L. Kay,et al.  Affective and Adrenocorticotrophic Responses to Photoperiod in Wistar Rats , 2007, Journal of neuroendocrinology.

[195]  C. Guilleminault,et al.  Improvement in subjective sleep in major depressive disorder with a novel antidepressant, agomelatine: randomized, double-blind comparison with venlafaxine. , 2007, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[196]  H. Heller,et al.  A non-circadian role for clock-genes in sleep homeostasis:a strain comparison , 2007, BMC Neuroscience.

[197]  C. Guilleminault,et al.  Major depressive disorder, sleep EEG and agomelatine: an open-label study. , 2007, The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology.

[198]  Daniel B. Forger,et al.  After Hours Keeps Clock Researchers CRYing Overtime , 2007, Cell.

[199]  Michele Pagano,et al.  SCFFbxl3 Controls the Oscillation of the Circadian Clock by Directing the Degradation of Cryptochrome Proteins , 2007, Science.

[200]  M. Pagano,et al.  The After-Hours Mutant Reveals a Role for Fbxl3 in Determining Mammalian Circadian Period , 2007, Science.

[201]  C. McClung,et al.  Circadian genes, rhythms and the biology of mood disorders. , 2007, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[202]  P. Sierra,et al.  Prodromal Symptoms to Relapse in Bipolar Disorder , 2007, The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry.

[203]  Kole T. Roybal,et al.  Mania-like behavior induced by disruption of CLOCK , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[204]  R. Gainetdinov,et al.  The Akt-GSK-3 signaling cascade in the actions of dopamine. , 2007, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[205]  M. Harrington,et al.  c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125 modulates the period of mammalian circadian rhythms , 2007, Neuroscience.

[206]  M. Vansteensel,et al.  Seasonal Encoding by the Circadian Pacemaker of the SCN , 2007, Current Biology.

[207]  Johanna H Meijer,et al.  Long term effects of sleep deprivation on the mammalian circadian pacemaker. , 2007, Sleep.

[208]  P. F. D. de Bruin,et al.  Depression in Medical School: The Influence of Morningness‐Eveningness , 2007, Chronobiology international.

[209]  F. Scheer,et al.  SCN Outputs and the Hypothalamic Balance of Life , 2006, Journal of biological rhythms.

[210]  V. Bertaina-Anglade,et al.  Antidepressant-like effects of agomelatine (S 20098) in the learned helplessness model , 2006, Behavioural pharmacology.

[211]  D. Kupfer,et al.  Acute and Longer- Term Outcomes in Depressed Outpatients Requiring One or Several Treatment Steps: A STAR*D Report , 2006 .

[212]  S. Higuchi,et al.  Chronobiological disturbances with hyperthermia and hypercortisolism induced by chronic mild stress in rats , 2006, Behavioural Brain Research.

[213]  J. Sprouse,et al.  Fluoxetine Modulates the Circadian Biological Clock via Phase Advances of Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neuronal Firing , 2006, Biological Psychiatry.

[214]  R. Prosser,et al.  Serotonergic pre-treatments block in vitro serotonergic phase shifts of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian clock , 2006, Neuroscience.

[215]  G. Aston-Jones,et al.  Circadian regulation of arousal: role of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus system and light exposure. , 2006, Sleep.

[216]  T. Steckler,et al.  Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β: A Putative Model of Hyperactivity and Mania , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[217]  C. Colwell,et al.  Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin receptors modulate glutamate‐induced phase shifts of the suprachiasmatic nucleus , 2006, The European journal of neuroscience.

[218]  P. Balsam,et al.  Mice with Chronically Elevated Dopamine Exhibit Enhanced Motivation, but not Learning, for a Food Reward , 2006, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[219]  Anne-Marie Chang,et al.  The mouse Clock mutation reduces circadian pacemaker amplitude and enhances efficacy of resetting stimuli and phase-response curve amplitude. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[220]  Lei Yin,et al.  Nuclear Receptor Rev-erbα Is a Critical Lithium-Sensitive Component of the Circadian Clock , 2006, Science.

[221]  R. Nelson,et al.  Melatonin receptor (MT1) knockout mice display depression-like behaviors and deficits in sensorimotor gating , 2006, Brain Research Bulletin.

[222]  B. Rusak,et al.  Circadian firing-rate rhythms and light responses of rat habenular nucleus neurons in vivo and in vitro , 2005, Neuroscience.

[223]  S. Deurveilher,et al.  Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to major arousal-promoting cell groups in rat: Implications for the circadian control of behavioural state , 2005, Neuroscience.

[224]  P. Taghert,et al.  Lithium- and Valproate-Induced Alterations in Circadian Locomotor Behavior in Drosophila , 2005, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[225]  J. Koolhaas,et al.  Anxiolytic-like action of the antidepressant agomelatine (S 20098) after a social defeat requires the integrity of the SCN , 2005, European Neuropsychopharmacology.

[226]  T. Hirota,et al.  Ser-557-phosphorylated mCRY2 Is Degraded upon Synergistic Phosphorylation by Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[227]  K. Miyazaki,et al.  A Role for Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β in the Mammalian Circadian Clock* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[228]  M. Terman,et al.  Light Therapy for Seasonal and Nonseasonal Depression: Efficacy, Protocol, Safety, and Side Effects , 2005, CNS Spectrums.

[229]  E. Shink,et al.  Antidepressant action of agomelatine (S 20098) in a transgenic mouse model , 2005, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry.

[230]  J. Takahashi,et al.  Regulation of dopaminergic transmission and cocaine reward by the Clock gene. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[231]  Andon Hestiantoro,et al.  Colocalization of corticotropin-releasing hormone and oestrogen receptor-alpha in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in mood disorders. , 2005, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[232]  D. Earnest,et al.  TrkB-deficient mice show diminished phase shifts of the circadian activity rhythm in response to light , 2005, Neuroscience Letters.

[233]  C. Colwell,et al.  Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide mediates circadian rhythmicity and synchrony in mammalian clock neurons , 2005, Nature Neuroscience.

[234]  Steven H. Jones,et al.  Actigraphic assessment of circadian activity and sleep patterns in bipolar disorder. , 2005, Bipolar disorders.

[235]  Ying Xu,et al.  Functional consequences of a CKIδ mutation causing familial advanced sleep phase syndrome , 2005, Nature.

[236]  M. Dubocovich,et al.  Effect of MT1 melatonin receptor deletion on melatonin‐mediated phase shift of circadian rhythms in the C57BL/6 mouse , 2005, Journal of pineal research.

[237]  P. Kelly,et al.  Selective Neuron Loss in the Paraventricular Nucleus of Hypothalamus in Patients Suffering from Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder , 2005, Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology.

[238]  Shin Yamazaki,et al.  Constant light desynchronizes mammalian clock neurons , 2005, Nature Neuroscience.

[239]  J. Viyoch,et al.  Effect of Haloperidol on mPer1 Gene Expression in Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nuclei* , 2005, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[240]  D. Chapman,et al.  Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. , 2004, Journal of affective disorders.

[241]  Roberto Refinetti,et al.  Daily activity patterns of a nocturnal and a diurnal rodent in a seminatural environment , 2004, Physiology & Behavior.

[242]  J. Woodgett,et al.  Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Haploinsufficiency Mimics the Behavioral and Molecular Effects of Lithium , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[243]  Audrey Millar,et al.  The sleep of remitted bipolar outpatients: a controlled naturalistic study using actigraphy. , 2004, Journal of affective disorders.

[244]  William J Schwartz,et al.  Forced Desynchronization of Dual Circadian Oscillators within the Rat Suprachiasmatic Nucleus , 2004, Current Biology.

[245]  T. Sotnikova,et al.  Lithium antagonizes dopamine-dependent behaviors mediated by an AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3 signaling cascade. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[246]  A. Carrillo-Vico,et al.  Expression of membrane and nuclear melatonin receptors in mouse peripheral organs. , 2004, Life sciences.

[247]  A. Yilmaz,et al.  Effect of lesioning the suprachiasmatic nuclei on behavioral despair in rats , 2004, Brain Research.

[248]  M. Ansseau,et al.  Serum melatonin and urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in major depression , 2004, Psychoneuroendocrinology.

[249]  A. Serretti,et al.  Influence of CLOCK gene polymorphism on circadian mood fluctuation and illness recurrence in bipolar depression , 2003, American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics.

[250]  N. Kajimura,et al.  The psychological aspects of patients with delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS). , 2003, Sleep medicine.

[251]  Kenneth S Kendler,et al.  Life event dimensions of loss, humiliation, entrapment, and danger in the prediction of onsets of major depression and generalized anxiety. , 2003, Archives of general psychiatry.

[252]  P. Pévet,et al.  Interactions between photic and nonphotic stimuli to synchronize the master circadian clock in mammals. , 2003, Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library.

[253]  P. Sham,et al.  The heritability of bipolar affective disorder and the genetic relationship to unipolar depression. , 2003, Archives of general psychiatry.

[254]  M. Papp,et al.  Effect of Agomelatine in the Chronic Mild Stress Model of Depression in the Rat , 2003, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[255]  M. Geyer,et al.  Valproate attenuates hyperactive and perseverative behaviors in mutant mice with a dysregulated dopamine system , 2003, Biological Psychiatry.

[256]  F. Gonzalez-Lima,et al.  Opposite metabolic changes in the habenula and ventral tegmental area of a genetic model of helpless behavior , 2003, Brain Research.

[257]  Steven M. Reppert,et al.  Rhythmic histone acetylation underlies transcription in the mammalian circadian clock , 2003, Nature.

[258]  P. Franken,et al.  A role for cryptochromes in sleep regulation , 2002, BMC Neuroscience.

[259]  B. Bogerts,et al.  Further Immunohistochemical Evidence for Impaired NO Signaling in the Hypothalamus of Depressed Patients , 2002, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[260]  P. Pévet,et al.  In the rat, exogenous melatonin increases the amplitude of pineal melatonin secretion by a direct action on the circadian clock , 2002, The European journal of neuroscience.

[261]  Ueli Schibler,et al.  The Orphan Nuclear Receptor REV-ERBα Controls Circadian Transcription within the Positive Limb of the Mammalian Circadian Oscillator , 2002, Cell.

[262]  Rainer Spanagel,et al.  Cocaine sensitization and reward are under the influence of circadian genes and rhythm , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[263]  E. Maywood,et al.  The VPAC2 Receptor Is Essential for Circadian Function in the Mouse Suprachiasmatic Nuclei , 2002, Cell.

[264]  S. Honma,et al.  Clock mutation lengthens the circadian period without damping rhythms in individual SCN neurons , 2002, Nature Neuroscience.

[265]  R. Killiany,et al.  Melatonin promotes sleep in three species of diurnal nonhuman primates , 2002, Physiology & Behavior.

[266]  P. Bech,et al.  Morning and Evening Plasma Melatonin and Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Patients with Nonseasonal Major Depressive Disorder from Northern Greece (Latitude 40–41.5°) , 2001, Neuropsychobiology.

[267]  F. Turek,et al.  Sleep deprivation decreases phase-shift responses of circadian rhythms to light in the mouse: role of serotonergic and metabolic signals , 2001, Brain Research.

[268]  J. Ehlen,et al.  In Vivo Resetting of the Hamster Circadian Clock by 5-HT7 Receptors in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[269]  D. Swaab,et al.  Alterations in arginine vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in depression. , 2001, Archives of general psychiatry.

[270]  Steven M. Reppert,et al.  Differential Functions of mPer1, mPer2, and mPer3 in the SCN Circadian Clock , 2001, Neuron.

[271]  R. Hen,et al.  Hyperactivity and impaired response habituation in hyperdopaminergic mice. , 2001, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[272]  Christopher R. Jones,et al.  An hPer2 Phosphorylation Site Mutation in Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome , 2001, Science.

[273]  R. Lam,et al.  Pathophysiology of seasonal affective disorder: a review. , 2000, Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN.

[274]  E. Herzog,et al.  Lithium lengthens the circadian period of individual suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons , 2000, Neuroreport.

[275]  S. Reppert,et al.  Targeted Disruption of the mPer3 Gene: Subtle Effects on Circadian Clock Function , 2000, Molecular and Cellular Biology.

[276]  A. Schatzberg,et al.  24-Hour monitoring of cortisol and corticotropin secretion in psychotic and nonpsychotic major depression. , 2000, Archives of general psychiatry.

[277]  Marvin J. Miller,et al.  Melatonin suppression by light in euthymic bipolar and unipolar patients. , 2000, Archives of general psychiatry.

[278]  Y Sakaki,et al.  Resetting central and peripheral circadian oscillators in transgenic rats. , 2000, Science.

[279]  D. Earnest,et al.  Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in the Circadian Regulation of the Suprachiasmatic Pacemaker by Light , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[280]  O. Ottersen,et al.  PACAP and glutamate are co‐stored in the retinohypothalamic tract , 2000, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[281]  M. Dam,et al.  Effects of acute and chronic treatment with fluoxetine on regional glucose cerebral metabolism in rats: implications for clinical therapies , 2000, Brain Research.

[282]  D. Eder,et al.  Nocturnal sweating and temperature in depression , 1999, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[283]  P. Pévet,et al.  Organization of rat circadian rhythms during daily infusion of melatonin or S20098, a melatonin agonist. , 1999, American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology.

[284]  D. Kennaway,et al.  Immunohistochemical localization of serotonin receptors in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus , 1999, Neuroscience Letters.

[285]  G. Eichele,et al.  The mPer2 gene encodes a functional component of the mammalian circadian clock , 1999, Nature.

[286]  I. Rodriguez,et al.  Natural melatonin 'knockdown' in C57BL/6J mice: rare mechanism truncates serotonin N-acetyltransferase. , 1998, Brain research. Molecular brain research.

[287]  F. Turek,et al.  Roles of Suprachiasmatic Nuclei and Intergeniculate Leaflets in Mediating the Phase-Shifting Effects of a Serotonergic Agonist and Their Photic Modulation during Subjective Day , 1998, Journal of biological rhythms.

[288]  R. Huber,et al.  Effect of melatonin on sleep and brain temperature in the Djungarian hamster and the rat , 1998, Physiology & Behavior.

[289]  D. Shields,et al.  Evidence for an allelic association between bipolar disorder and a Na+, K+ adenosine triphosphatase alpha subunit gene (ATP1A3) , 1998, Biological Psychiatry.

[290]  T. E. Dudley,et al.  Endogenous Regulation of Serotonin Release in the Hamster Suprachiasmatic Nucleus , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[291]  J. Redman,et al.  Entrainment of Rat Circadian Rhythms by the Melatonin Agonist S-20098 Requires Intact Suprachiasmatic Nuclei But Not the Pineal , 1998, Journal of biological rhythms.

[292]  B. Bogerts,et al.  Nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in the human hypothalamus: reduced number of immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of depressive patients and schizophrenics , 1998, Neuroscience.

[293]  M. Harrington.  The Ventral Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and the Intergeniculate Leaflet: Interrelated Structures in the Visual and Circadian Systems , 1997, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[294]  Lewis R. Baxter,et al.  Electroconvulsive therapy increases circadian amplitude and lowers core body temperature in depressed subjects , 1997, Biological Psychiatry.

[295]  T. Wehr.  Melatonin and Seasonal Rhythms , 1997, Journal of biological rhythms.

[296]  P. Zee,et al.  Comparative effects of a melatonin agonist on the circadian system in mice and Syrian hamsters , 1997, Brain Research.

[297]  V. Gribkoff,et al.  Molecular Dissection of Two Distinct Actions of Melatonin on the Suprachiasmatic Circadian Clock , 1997, Neuron.

[298]  M. Ağargün,et al.  Sleep disturbances and suicidal behavior in patients with major depression. , 1997, The Journal of clinical psychiatry.

[299]  Minoru Tanaka,et al.  Positional Cloning of the Mouse Circadian Clock Gene , 1997, Cell.

[300]  A. Wirz-Justice,et al.  Early evening melatonin and S-20098 advance circadian phase and nocturnal regulation of core body temperature. , 1997, The American journal of physiology.

[301]  L. P. Morin,et al.  The serotonergic projection from the median raphe nucleus to the suprachiasmatic nucleus modulates activity phase onset, but not other circadian rhythm parameters , 1997, Brain Research.

[302]  E. Heist,et al.  Neuroendocrine aspects of primary endogenous depression XV: mathematical modeling of nocturnal melatonin secretion in major depressives and normal controls , 1997, Psychiatry Research.

[303]  H. Heller,et al.  Siberian hamsters free run or become arrhythmic after a phase delay of the photocycle. , 1996, The American journal of physiology.

[304]  F. Ebling.  The role of glutamate in the photic regulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus , 1996, Progress in Neurobiology.

[305]  P. Tresco,et al.  A diffusible coupling signal from the transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus controlling circadian locomotor rhythms , 1996, Nature.

[306]  E. Mocaer,et al.  Entrainment of circadian rhythms by S-20098, a melatonin agonist, is dose and plasma concentration dependent , 1996, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.

[307]  J. M. Koolhaas,et al.  Long-term changes in open field behaviour following a single social defeat in rats can be reversed by sleep deprivation , 1996, Physiology & Behavior.

[308]  M. Dubocovich,et al.  Melatonin and Light Induce Phase Shifts of Circadian Activity Rhythms in the C3H/HeN Mouse , 1996, Journal of biological rhythms.

[309]  M. Papp,et al.  Effect of chronic mild stress on circadian rhythms in the locomotor activity in rats , 1996, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior.

[310]  B. Possidente,et al.  Effects of fluoxetine and olfactory bulbectomy on mouse circadian activity rhythms , 1996, Brain Research.

[311]  E. Meyer-Bernstein,et al.  Differential serotonergic innervation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet and its role in circadian rhythm modulation , 1996, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[312]  E. Maywood,et al.  Serotonergic antagonists impair arousal-induced phase shifts of the circadian system of the Syrian hamster , 1996, Brain Research.

[313]  D. Swaab,et al.  Increased number of vasopressin- and oxytocin-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in depression. , 1996, Archives of general psychiatry.

[314]  P. Renard,et al.  Melatonin analogues as agonists and antagonists in the circadian system and other brain areas. , 1996, European journal of pharmacology.

[315]  G. Gessa,et al.  Sleep deprivation in the rat: an animal model of mania , 1995, European Neuropsychopharmacology.

[316]  M. Gillette,et al.  Circadian actions of melatonin at the suprachiasmatic nucleus , 1995, Behavioural Brain Research.

[317]  D. Kripke,et al.  Antimanic drugs stabilize hamster circadian rhythms , 1995, Psychiatry Research.

[318]  A. V. Popov,et al.  Influence of damage to the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus of rats on the dynamics of short-period fluctuations of normal and abnormal behavior , 1995, Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology.

[319]  D. M. Young.  Psychiatric morbidity in travelers to Honolulu, Hawaii. , 1995, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[320]  Markus Meister,et al.  Individual neurons dissociated from rat suprachiasmatic nucleus express independently phased circadian firing rhythms , 1995, Neuron.

[321]  D. Swaab,et al.  Increased numbers of corticotropin-releasing hormone expressing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of depressed patients. , 1994, Neuroendocrinology.

[322]  D. Kripke,et al.  Antidepressant and depressogenic drugs lack consistent effects on hamster circadian rhythms , 1994, Psychiatry Research.

[323]  D. P. King,et al.  Mutagenesis and mapping of a mouse gene, Clock, essential for circadian behavior. , 1994, Science.

[324]  P. Cohen,et al.  Inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta by phosphorylation: new kinase connections in insulin and growth-factor signalling. , 1993, The Biochemical journal.

[325]  R. Silver,et al.  Lithium lengthens the period of circadian rhythms in lesioned hamsters bearing SCN grafts , 1993, Biological Psychiatry.

[326]  H. Heller,et al.  Serotonin and the Mammalian Circadian System: I. In Vitro Phase Shifts by Serotonergic Agonists and Antagonists , 1993, Journal of biological rhythms.

[327]  S. Yen,et al.  Melatonin: a major regulator of the circadian rhythm of core temperature in humans. , 1992, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[328]  D J Kupfer,et al.  Polysomnographic characteristics of young manic patients. Comparison with unipolar depressed patients and normal control subjects. , 1992, Archives of general psychiatry.

[329]  M. Gillette,et al.  Serotonin regulates the phase of the rat suprachiasmatic circadian pacemaker in vitro only during the subjective day. , 1992, The Journal of physiology.

[330]  B. Possidente,et al.  Fluoxetine shortens circadian period for wheel running activity in mice , 1992, Brain Research Bulletin.

[331]  M. Gillette,et al.  Melatonin directly resets the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock in vitro , 1991, Brain Research.

[332]  L. Whalley,et al.  Melatonin response to bright light in recovered, drug-free, bipolar patients , 1991, Psychiatry Research.

[333]  D. Welsh,et al.  Lithium lengthens circadian period in a diurnal primate, Saimiri sciureus , 1990, Biological Psychiatry.

[334]  M. Candito,et al.  Circadian rhythms in depression and recovery: Evidence for blunted amplitude as the main chronobiological abnormality , 1989, Psychiatry Research.

[335]  S. Shibata,et al.  Effects of melatonin on neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro , 1989, Neuroscience Letters.

[336]  Martin H. Teicher,et al.  Increased activity and phase delay in circadian motility rhythms in geriatric depression. Preliminary observations. , 1988, Archives of general psychiatry.

[337]  R. F. Johnson,et al.  Loss of entrainment and anatomical plasticity after lesions of the hamster retinohypothalamic tract , 1988, Brain Research.

[338]  T. Wehr,et al.  Twenty-four-hour profiles of body temperature and plasma TSH in bipolar patients during depression and during remission and in normal control subjects. , 1988, The American journal of psychiatry.

[339]  J. Nurnberger,et al.  Supersensitivity to melatonin suppression by light in young people at high risk for affective disorder. A preliminary report. , 1988, Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology.

[340]  D. Kupfer,et al.  Electroencephalographic sleep in mania. , 1988, Archives of general psychiatry.

[341]  P. Linkowski,et al.  24-hour profiles of adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and growth hormone in major depressive illness: effect of antidepressant treatment. , 1987, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[342]  T. Wehr,et al.  Sleep reduction as a final common pathway in the genesis of mania. , 1987, The American journal of psychiatry.

[343]  V. Cassone,et al.  Entrainment of rat circadian rhythms by daily injection of melatonin depends upon the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei , 1986, Physiology & Behavior.

[344]  F. Goodwin,et al.  Sleep and circadian rhythms in affective patients isolated from external time cues , 1985, Psychiatry Research.

[345]  J. Amsterdam,et al.  Differences in nocturnal melatonin secretion between melancholic depressed patients and control subjects. , 1985, The American journal of psychiatry.

[346]  G. E. Pickard.  Bifurcating axons of retinal ganglion cells terminate in the hypothalamic suppachiasmatic nucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus , 1985, Neuroscience Letters.

[347]  L. Wetterberg,et al.  Serum melatonin in relation to clinical variables in patients with major depressive disorder and a hypothesis of a low melatonin syndrome , 1985, Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica.

[348]  D. Kupfer,et al.  Application of automated REM and slow wave sleep analysis: II. Testing the assumptions of the two-process model of sleep regulation in normal and depressed subjects , 1984, Psychiatry Research.

[349]  G. Sassolas,et al.  A chronobiological study of melatonin and cortisol secretion in depressed subjects: plasma melatonin, a biochemical marker in major depression. , 1984, Biological psychiatry.

[350]  F. Goodwin,et al.  48-hour sleep-wake cycles in manic-depressive illness: naturalistic observations and sleep deprivation experiments. , 1982, Archives of general psychiatry.

[351]  D. Avery,et al.  Nocturnal temperature in affective disorder. , 1982, Journal of affective disorders.

[352]  P. Jauhar,et al.  Psychiatric Morbidity and Time Zone Changes: A Study of Patients from Heathrow Airport , 1982, British Journal of Psychiatry.

[353]  F. Goodwin,et al.  MANIC-DEPRESSIVE PATIENTS MAY BE SUPERSENSITIVE TO LIGHT , 1981, The Lancet.

[354]  F. Goodwin,et al.  Urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol circadian rhythm. Early timing (phase-advance) in manic-depressives compared with normal subjects. , 1980, Archives of general psychiatry.

[355]  J. Gillin,et al.  REM architecture changes in bipolar and unipolar depression. , 1979, The American journal of psychiatry.

[356]  A. Weindl,et al.  Projections from the parvocellular vasopressin- and neurophysin-containing neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. , 1978, The American journal of anatomy.

[357]  D. J. Mullaney,et al.  Circadian rhythm disorders in manic-depressives. , 1978, Biological psychiatry.

[358]  W. Engelmann,et al.  Further Evidence for Period Lengthening Effect of Li+ on Circadian Rhythms , 1978, Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Section C, Biosciences.

[359]  D. Kupfer,et al.  Interval between onset of sleep and rapid-eye-movement sleep as an indicator of depression. , 1972, Lancet.

[360]  R. Moore,et al.  A retinohypothalamic projection in the rat , 1972, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[361]  W. Engelmann.  Lithium slows down the Kalanchoe clock. , 1972, Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. Teil B. Anorganische Chemie, organische Chemie, Biochemie, Biophysik, Biologie.

[362]  W. Engelmann.  Notizen: Lithium Slows Down the Kalanchoe Clock , 1972 .

[363]  R. Alves,et al.  Secondary to excessive melatonin synthesis, the consumption of tryptophan from outside the blood-brain barrier and melatonin over-signaling in the pars tuberalis may be central to the pathophysiology of winter depression. , 2017, Medical hypotheses.

[364]  Raymond W Lam,et al.  Efficacy of Bright Light Treatment, Fluoxetine, and the Combination in Patients With Nonseasonal Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. , 2016, JAMA psychiatry.

[365]  S. Lockley,et al.  Prevalence of Circadian Misalignment and Its Association with Depressive Symptoms in Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder. , 2016, Sleep.

[366]  A. Guastella,et al.  Ambulatory sleep-wake patterns and variability in young people with emerging mental disorders. , 2015, Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN.

[367]  F. Artigas.  Serotonin receptors involved in antidepressant effects. , 2013, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[368]  J. Takahashi,et al.  Molecular components of the Mammalian circadian clock. , 2013, Handbook of experimental pharmacology.

[369]  R. Duman,et al.  Role of neurotrophic factors in the etiology and treatment of mood disorders , 2007, NeuroMolecular Medicine.

[370]  D. Kupfer,et al.  Acute and longer-term outcomes in depressed outpatients requiring one or several treatment steps: a STAR*D report. , 2006, The American journal of psychiatry.

[371]  Gunter Schumann,et al.  The clock gene Per2 influences the glutamatergic system and modulates alcohol consumption , 2005, Nature Medicine.

[372]  M. Dubocovich,et al.  Activation of MT(2) melatonin receptors in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus phase advances the circadian clock. , 2001, American journal of physiology. Cell physiology.

[373]  E. Meyer-Bernstein,et al.  Effects of suprachiasmatic transplants on circadian rhythms of neuroendocrine function in golden hamsters. , 1999, Endocrinology.

[374]  Scott,et al.  Shiftwork as a Risk Factor for Depression: A Pilot Study. , 1997, International journal of occupational and environmental health.

[375]  A. Wirz-Justice,et al.  Circadian Rhythms and Depression: Clinical and Experimental Models , 1997 .

[376]  W. Duncan,et al.  Circadian rhythms and the pharmacology of affective illness. , 1996, Pharmacology & therapeutics.

[377]  P Lemoine,et al.  Heart rate circadian rhythm as a biological marker of desynchronization in major depression: a methodological and preliminary report. , 1990, Chronobiology international.

[378]  J. Wu,et al.  The biological basis of an antidepressant response to sleep deprivation and relapse: review and hypothesis. , 1990, The American journal of psychiatry.

[379]  D. M. White,et al.  The phase shift hypothesis for bright light's therapeutic mechanism of action: theoretical considerations and experimental evidence. , 1987, Psychopharmacology bulletin.

[380]  B. Saletu,et al.  Light treatment in depressive illness. Polysomnographic, psychometric and neuroendocrinological findings. , 1986, European neurology.

[381]  B. Saletu,et al.  Light Treatment in Depressive Illness , 1986 .

[382]  F. Goodwin,et al.  Seasonal affective disorder. A description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. , 1984, Archives of general psychiatry.

[383]  W. Engelmann,et al.  Period lengthening of human circadian rhythms by lithium carbonate, a prophylactic for depressive disorders. , 1983, International journal of chronobiology.

[384]  C. Pittendrigh.  Circadian Systems: Entrainment , 1981 .

[385]  D J Kupfer,et al.  The application of EEG sleep for the differential diagnosis of affective disorders. , 1978, The American journal of psychiatry.