Rheological properties of human erythrocytes and their influence upon the "anomalous" viscosity of blood.

I I I . Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 55 Auxil iary Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Prepa ra t ion of E r y t h r o c y t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Control of H e m a t o c r i t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Suspending Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

[1]  J. Murphy.  ERYTHROCYTE METABOLISM. VI. CELL SHAPE AND THE LOCATION OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE. , 1965, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[2]  Edward W. Merrill,et al.  The Rheology of Human Blood—Measurement Near and at Zero Shear Rate , 1963 .

[3]  S Chien,et al.  Blood Viscosity: Influence of Erythrocyte Aggregation , 1967, Science.

[4]  W. L. Wilkinson,et al.  Non-Newtonian Fluids : Fluid Mechanics, Mixing and Heat Transfer , 1960 .

[5]  D. Nathan,et al.  Selective reticulocyte destruction in erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency. , 1971, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[6]  E H BLOCH,et al.  A quantitative study of the hemodynamics in the living microvascular system. , 1962, The American journal of anatomy.

[7]  A. Bethe,et al.  Handbuch der Normalen und Pathologischen Physiologie , 1925 .

[8]  G. W. Blair.  The importance of the sigma phenomenon in the study of the flow of blood , 1961 .

[9]  S. A. Rooholamini,et al.  Pressure-diameter relations of small blood vessels in isolated dog lung. , 1970, Microvascular research.

[10]  S. G. Mason,et al.  THE MICRORHEOLOGY OF DISPERSIONS , 1967 .

[11]  L. Dintenfass.  RHEOLOGY OF PACKED RED BLOOD CELLS CONTAINING HEMOGLOBINS A-A, S-A, AND S-S. , 1964, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[12]  A. Copley,et al.  Theoretical and Clinical Hemorheology , 1971 .

[13]  E W Salzman,et al.  Pressure-flow relations of human blood in hollow fibers at low flow rates. , 1965, Journal of applied physiology.

[14]  M. Perutz,et al.  X-Ray and Solubility Studies of the Hæmoglobin of Sickle-Cell Anæmia Patients , 1951, Nature.

[15]  John R Murphy,et al.  The influence of pH and temperature on some physical properties of normal erythrocytes and erythrocytes from patients with hereditary spherecytosis , 1967 .

[16]  H. S. Lew,et al.  The motion of the plasma between the red cells in the bolus flow. , 1969, Biorheology.

[17]  R. Wells,et al.  Red Cell Aggregation and Red Cell Deformation: Their Influence on Blood Rheology in Health and Disease , 1971 .

[18]  E. Deutsch.  Flow Properties of Blood and Other Biological Systems , 1961 .

[19]  Centrifugal Packing of Suspensions of Erythrocytes Hardened with Acetaldehyde∗ , 1968 .

[20]  David G. Thomas.  Transport characteristics of suspension: VIII. A note on the viscosity of Newtonian suspensions of uniform spherical particles , 1965 .

[21]  S Chien,et al.  Effects of hematocrit and plasma proteins on human blood rheology at low shear rates. , 1966, Journal of applied physiology.

[22]  A C BURTON,et al.  Role of the non-Newtonian behavior of blood in hemodynamics. , 1959, The American journal of physiology.

[23]  L. Dintenfass,et al.  Viscosity and Clotting of Blood in Venous Thrombosis and Coronary Occlusions , 1964, Circulation research.

[24]  E. Becker.  B. D. Coleman, H. Markovitz, and W. Noll, Viscometric Flows of Non‐Newtonian Fluids. (Springer Tracts in Natural Philosophy, Vol. 5) XII + 130 S. m. 37 Fig. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York 1966. Springer‐Verlag. Preis geb. DM 22,– , 1966 .

[25]  L. Dintenfass,et al.  Thixotropy of Blood and Proneness to Thrombus Formation , 1962, [Sogo rinsho] Clinic all-round.

[26]  A. C. Burton,et al.  The physics of blood flow in capillaries. III. The pressure required to deform erythrocytes in acid-citrate-dextrose. , 1962, Biophysical journal.

[27]  R. Whitmore,et al.  Rheology of the circulation , 1968 .

[28]  R. Wells,et al.  Microscopy and viscometry of blood flowing under uniform shear rate (rheoscopy). , 1969, Journal of applied physiology.

[29]  Frederick R. Eirich,et al.  Rheology : theory and applications , 1956 .

[30]  R. Wells,et al.  INFLUENCE OF FIBRINOGEN ON FLOW PROPERTIES OF ERYTHROCYTE SUSPENSIONS. , 1964, The American journal of physiology.

[31]  S. Charm,et al.  Discrepancy in measuring blood in couette, cone and plate, and capillary tube viscometers. , 1968, Journal of applied physiology.

[32]  R. Wells,et al.  The rheology of red blood cell aggregates. , 1970, Microvascular research.

[33]  S. Charm,et al.  Static Method for determining Blood Yield Stress , 1967, Nature.

[34]  A. Silberberg,et al.  The Viscoelastic Properties of Whole Blood , 1971 .

[35]  M. Mahaley,et al.  Approximation of “Total Vascular Space” and its Distribution in Three Sizes of Blood Vessels in Rats by Plastic Casts , 1958, Circulation research.

[36]  L. Dintenfass.  MOLECULAR AND RHEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE RED CELL MEMBRANE IN VIEW OF THE INTERNAL FLUIDITY OF THE RED CELL. , 1964, Acta haematologica.

[37]  R. Rand,et al.  MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RED CELL MEMBRANE. II. VISCOELASTIC BREAKDOWN OF THE MEMBRANE. , 1964, Biophysical journal.

[38]  E. Merrill,et al.  Measurement of viscosity of biologic fluids by cone plate viscometer. , 1961, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[39]  M. Wiedeman,et al.  Dimensions of Blood Vessels from Distributing Artery to Collecting Vein , 1963, Circulation research.

[40]  Shu Chien,et al.  Shear Dependence of Effective Cell Volume as a Determinant of Blood Viscosity , 1970, Science.

[41]  Y. Fung.  Blood flow in the capillary bed. , 1969, Journal of biomechanics.

[42]  R. Wells,et al.  Flow Behavior of Red Cells in Pathologic Sera: Existence of a Yield Shear Stress in the Absence of Fibrinogen , 1971 .

[43]  E. C. Bingham,et al.  THE RHEOLOGY OF THE BLOOD : IV. THE FLUIDITY OF WHOLE BLOOD AT 37°C. , 1944 .

[44]  H. Jacobs.  The deformability of red cell packs12 , 1963 .

[45]  L. Dintenfass.  Internal Viscosity of the Red Cell and a Blood Viscosity Equation , 1968, Nature.

[46]  E. Merrill,et al.  Viscosity of human blood: transition from Newtonian to non-Newtonian. , 1967, Journal of applied physiology.

[47]  Berman Hj.  Rheological properties of the microvasculature. , 1965, Bibliotheca anatomica.

[48]  R. Simmons,et al.  Red cell filtration and the pathogenesis of certain hemolytic anemias. , 1961, Blood.

[49]  S Chien,et al.  Flow Characteristics of Human Erythrocytes through Polycarbonate Sieves , 1967, Science.

[50]  Fu Yc.  Theoretical considerations of the elasticity of red cells and small blood vessels. , 1966 .

[51]  J. W. Goodwin,et al.  Interactions among erythrocytes under shear. , 1970, Journal of applied physiology.

[52]  R. Aster,et al.  INCREASED SPLENIC POOLING AND THE PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERSPLENISM , 1967, The American journal of the medical sciences.

[53]  H. J. Preuβer.  Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Oberflächen von Membranfiltern , 1967 .

[54]  A. Einstein.  Eine neue Bestimmung der Moleküldimensionen , 1905 .

[55]  A. Erslev,et al.  EFFECT OF MEAN CORPUSCULAR HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION ON VISCOSITY. , 1963, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[56]  A. C. Burton.  On the physical equilibrium of small blood vessels. , 1951, The American journal of physiology.

[57]  T. Somer.  The viscosity of blood, plasma and serum in dys- and paraproteinemias. , 1966, Acta medica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[58]  A C BURTON,et al.  MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RED CELL MEMBRANE. I. MEMBRANE STIFFNESS AND INTRACELLULAR PRESSURE. , 1964, Biophysical journal.

[59]  P. Teitel.  Disk-sphere Transformation and Plasticity Alteration of Red Blood Cells , 1965, Nature.

[60]  R. Skalak,et al.  Deformation of Red Blood Cells in Capillaries , 1969, Science.

[61]  A. Groom,et al.  The difference in circulation times between erythrocytes and plasma in vivo , 1965 .

[62]  R. Wells,et al.  Influence of Deformability of Human Red Cells upon Blood Viscosity , 1969, Circulation research.

[63]  M. N. Levy,et al.  The Influence of Erythrocyte Concentration upon the Pressure‐Flow Relationships in the Dog's Hind Limb , 1953, Circulation research.

[64]  M. Guest,et al.  Red Blood Cells: Change in Shape in Capillaries , 1963, Science.

[65]  R. Haynes.  The Rheology of Blood , 1961 .

[66]  R. Wells,et al.  Fluid Drop-Like Transition of Erythrocytes under Shear , 1969, Science.

[67]  S. G. Mason,et al.  Some model experiments in haemodynamics. II. , 1965, Bibliotheca anatomica.

[68]  M. Strumia,et al.  Effect of red cell factors on the relative viscosity of whole blood. , 1963, American journal of clinical pathology.

[69]  B. D. Coleman,et al.  Viscometric Flows of Non-Newtonian Fluids , 1966 .

[70]  Study of Erythrocyte Aggregation by Blood Viscometry at Low Shear Rates Using a Balance Method , 1968, Circulation research.

[71]  R. Wells,et al.  Red cell deformation and fluidity of concentrated cell suspensions. , 1969, Journal of applied physiology.

[72]  W. Rosenblum.  Effects of Dextran-40 on Blood Viscosity in Experimental Macroglobulinaemia , 1968, Nature.

[73]  A. C. Burton,et al.  Distribution of Size and Shape in Populations of Normal Human Red Cells , 1968, Circulation research.

[74]  The viscosity of the blood , 1906 .

[75]  M. J. Lighthill,et al.  Pressure-forcing of tightly fitting pellets along fluid-filled elastic tubes , 1968, Journal of Fluid Mechanics.

[76]  Geoffrey Ingram Taylor,et al.  The Viscosity of a Fluid Containing Small Drops of Another Fluid , 1932 .

[77]  J. Murphy,et al.  Physical properties of red cells as related to effects in vivo. I. Increased rigidity of erythrocytes as measured by viscosity of cells altered by chemical fixation, sickling and hypertonicity. , 1968, Blood.

[78]  E. Merrill,et al.  Non‐Newtonian Rheology of Human Blood ‐ Effect of Fibrinogen Deduced by “Subtraction” , 1963, Circulation research.

[79]  R. Swank,et al.  The influence of electrokinetic charge and deformability of the red blood cell on the flow properties of its suspensions. , 1967, Biorheology.

[80]  W. H. Austin,et al.  pH and blood viscosity. , 1968, Journal of applied physiology.

[81]  A C BURTON,et al.  The physics of blood flood in capillaries. II. The capillary resistance to flow. , 1962, Biophysical journal.

[82]  H. S. Lew,et al.  Plug effect of erythrocytes in capillary blood vessels. , 1970, Biophysical journal.

[83]  C. R. Dauwalter,et al.  A Rotational Viscometer Using an A.C. Torque to Balance Loop and Air Bearing , 1963 .

[84]  H. Brenner,et al.  Particle motions in sheared suspensions , 1959 .

[85]  Geoffrey Ingram Taylor,et al.  The formation of emulsions in definable fields of flow , 1934 .

[86]  J. T. Brundage.  BLOOD AND PLASMA VISCOSITY DETERMINED BY THE METHOD OF CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS , 1934 .

[87]  B. Zederfeldt,et al.  Experimental evidence of the significance of disturbances in the flow properties of blood. , 1961, Acta chirurgica Scandinavica.

[88]  R. Fåhraeus.  THE SUSPENSION STABILITY OF THE BLOOD , 1929 .

[89]  E. Merrill,et al.  Rheology of blood and flow in the microcirculation. , 1963, Journal of applied physiology.

[90]  E. G. Tickner,et al.  Slow flow of rigid particle suspensions through simulated stenoses. , 1968, Biorheology.

[91]  P. Rand,et al.  HEMODILUTION, TONICITY, AND BLOOD VISCOSITY. , 1964, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[92]  G. B. Jeffery.  The motion of ellipsoidal particles immersed in a viscous fluid , 1922 .

[93]  F. R. Winton,et al.  The apparent viscosity of blood flowing in the isolated hindlimb of the dog, and its variation with corpuscular concentration , 1933, The Journal of physiology.

[94]  E. Merrill,et al.  Metabolic dependence of red cell deformability. , 1969, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[95]  [The apparent viscosity of blood in glass capillaries of the smallest diameter]. , 1966, Die Naturwissenschaften.

[96]  S. White,et al.  A comparison of blood viscosity measured in vitro and in a vascular bed. , 1970, Acta physiologica Scandinavica.

[97]  H Schmid-Schönbein,et al.  On the shear rate dependence of red cell aggregation in vitro. , 1968, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[98]  Tsurutaro Nakagawa,et al.  Rheology of Dispersed Systems , 1961 .

[99]  K. Schmidt-Nielsen,et al.  Influence of erythrocytes on blood viscosity. , 1968, The American journal of physiology.

[100]  E. Merrill,et al.  Rheology of human blood, near and at zero flow. Effects of temperature and hematocrit level. , 1963, Biophysical journal.

[101]  S. G. Mason,et al.  Particle motions in sheared suspensions XII. Deformation and burst of fluid drops in shear and hyperbolic flow , 1961 .

[102]  Robin Fåhræus,et al.  THE VISCOSITY OF THE BLOOD IN NARROW CAPILLARY TUBES , 1931 .

[103]  H J Meiselman,et al.  Velocity profiles of human blood at normal and reduced hematocrit in glass tubes up to 130 diameter. , 1970, Microvascular research.

[104]  G. Hagen,et al.  Ueber die Bewegung des Wassers in engen cylindrischen Röhren , 1839 .

[105]  E. W. Errill.  Rheology of blood. , 1969, Physiological reviews.

[106]  G. Bugliarello,et al.  Detailed Characteristics of the Flow of Blood In Vitro , 1963 .

[107]  Stanley N. Schwartz,et al.  Physiology and Biophysics of the Circulation. , 1965 .

[108]  S. G. Mason,et al.  Particle motions in sheared suspensions XI. Internal circulation in fluid droplets (experimental) , 1961 .

[109]  P. Monro.  The appearance of cell-free plasma and “grouping” of red blood cells in normal circulation in small blood vessels observed in vivo1 , 1963 .

[110]  G. Cokelet,et al.  Rheological Comparison of Hemoglobin Solutions and Erythrocyte Suspensions , 1968, Science.

[111]  R. Haynes.  Physical basis of the dependence of blood viscosity on tube radius. , 1960, The American journal of physiology.

[112]  S. Chien,et al.  Blood Viscosity: Influence of Erythrocyte Deformation , 1967, Science.

[113]  Giles R Cokelet,et al.  The rheology of human blood , 1963 .

[114]  G. W. Blair,et al.  An Equation for the Flow of Blood, Plasma and Serum through Glass Capillaries , 1959, Nature.

[115]  H. Goldsmith.  The Microrheology of Red Blood Cell Suspensions , 1968, The Journal of general physiology.

[116]  Goldsmith Hl.  Microscopic flow properties of red cells. , 1967 .

[117]  R. Wells,et al.  Qualification of the dynamics of red cell aggregation. , 1969, Bibliotheca anatomica.

[118]  R. Whitmore.  A theory of blood flow in small vessels. , 1967, Journal of applied physiology.

[119]  J. Murphy.  Hemoglobin CC disease: rheological properties or erythrocytes and abnormalities in cell water. , 1968, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[120]  J. Ditzel,et al.  Blood-viscosity in diabetic patients. , 1966, Lancet.

[121]  A. Frey-wyssling,et al.  Deformation and flow in biological systems , 1952 .

[122]  H. Bazett.  Factors concerned in the control of capillary pressure as indicated in a circulation schema. , 1947, The American journal of physiology.

[123]  H. Schmid-schönbein.  Hemorheological Aspects of Splenic Function , 1970 .

[124]  J. Murphy,et al.  Physical properties of red cells as related to effects in vivo. II. Effect of thermal treatment on rigidity of red cells, stroma and the sickle cell. , 1968, Blood.

[125]  S. Chien,et al.  Plasma Trapping in Hematocrit Determination. Differences Among Animal Species.∗ , 1965, Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.