Teacher educators as gatekeepers: Preparing the next generation of teachers for technology integration in education

This study aims at investigating the profiles of teacher educators in order to explore their ability to prepare preservice teachers for technology integration in education. Specifically, the current study examines whether teacher educators can be grouped on the basis of their attitudes toward ICT (in education), their ICT self‐efficacy to design ICT‐rich learning environments, their competencies to use ICT in their teaching practice and the strategies they use to prepare preservice teachers for technology integration. These strategies are included in the SQD (Synthesis of Qualitative Data) model and comprise: (1) teacher educators as role models, (2) reflecting on the role of technology in education, (3) learning how to use technology by design, (4) collaboration with peers, (5) scaffolding authentic technology experiences and (6) providing continuous feedback. Data were collected from a sample of 284 teacher educators in Flanders, the Dutch‐speaking part of Belgium, and submitted to latent profile analysis. The added value of the current study lies in the account of how SQD strategies and a typical set of determinants of ICT integration can be associated within teacher educators' profile. Based on the profiles emerging from this study, teacher training institutions should consider their teacher educators to be gatekeepers when preparing future generations of teachers for the learning environments of the twenty‐first century. In the discussion section, the implications for practice and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[1]  Joanna Goode,et al.  The digital identity divide: how technology knowledge impacts college students , 2010, New Media Soc..

[2]  Jo Tondeur,et al.  Gender Differences in the ICT Profile of University Students: A Quantitative Analysis’ , 2016 .

[3]  Joke Voogt,et al.  Pre-service teachers’ TPACK competencies for spreadsheet integration: insights from a mathematics-specific instructional technology course , 2015 .

[4]  Joke Voogt,et al.  Developing technological pedagogical content knowledge in pre-service science teachers: Support from blended learning , 2012 .

[5]  Chrystalla Mouza,et al.  Investigating the impact of an integrated approach to the development of preservice teachers' technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) , 2014, Comput. Educ..

[6]  Peggy A. Ertmer Teacher pedagogical beliefs: The final frontier in our quest for technology integration? , 2005 .

[7]  Matthew J. Koehler,et al.  Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge: A Framework for Teacher Knowledge , 2006, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education.

[8]  M. Niess Transforming Teachers’ Knowledge: Learning Trajectories for Advancing Teacher Education for Teaching with Technology , 2015 .

[9]  D. Beijaard,et al.  Teacher educators' professional learning: A literature review , 2018, Teaching and Teacher Education.

[10]  Charles R. Graham,et al.  TPACK Development in a Teacher Education Program , 2009 .

[11]  Koen Aesaert,et al.  A multilevel analysis of what matters in the training of pre-service teacher's ICT competencies , 2018, Comput. Educ..

[12]  Ulrich Trautwein,et al.  Please Scroll down for Article Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal Classical Latent Profile Analysis of Academic Self-concept Dimensions: Synergy of Person-and Variable-centered Approaches to Theoretical Models of Self-concept , 2022 .

[13]  O. Hatlevik,et al.  Examining the Relationship Between Teachers’ ICT Self-Efficacy for Educational Purposes, Collegial Collaboration, Lack of Facilitation and the Use of ICT in Teaching Practice , 2018, Front. Psychol..

[14]  R. Kay Evaluating Strategies Used To Incorporate Technology Into Preservice Education , 2006 .

[15]  Deborah Compeau,et al.  Computer Self-Efficacy: Development of a Measure and Initial Test , 1995, MIS Q..

[16]  Yves Rosseel,et al.  Factor score path analysis: An alternative for SEM? , 2017 .

[17]  Johan van Braak,et al.  Preparing pre-service teachers to integrate technology in education: A synthesis of qualitative evidence , 2012, Comput. Educ..

[18]  Joke Voogt,et al.  Conditions for the successful implementation of teacher educator design teams for ICT integration: A Delphi study , 2017 .

[19]  Patrick Dillon,et al.  The impact of authentic learning experiences with ICT on pre-service teachers' intentions to use ICT for teaching and learning , 2015, Comput. Educ..

[20]  Jost Reinecke,et al.  Longitudinal Analysis of Adolescents Deviant and Delinquent Behavior: Applications of Latent Class , 2006 .

[21]  Chang Zhu,et al.  Influencing Factors and Integration of ICT into Teaching Practices of Pre-service and Starting Teachers , 2016 .

[22]  Timothy Teo,et al.  Unpacking teachers' acceptance of technology: Tests of measurement invariance and latent mean differences , 2014, Comput. Educ..

[23]  Teresa S. Foulger,et al.  Innovators in Teacher Education , 2013 .

[24]  John P. Meyer,et al.  Multiple-Group Analysis of Similarity in Latent Profile Solutions , 2016 .

[25]  Marjolein Drent,et al.  Which factors obstruct or stimulate teacher educators to use ICT innovatively? , 2008, Comput. Educ..

[26]  Alexandre J. S. Morin,et al.  A Multifoci Person-Centered Perspective on Workplace Affective Commitment: A Latent Profile/Factor Mixture Analysis , 2011 .

[27]  Marilyn Cochran-Smith Learning and unlearning: the education of teacher educators , 2003 .

[28]  Wong Su Luan,et al.  A Review of Research Literature on Obstacles that Prevent Use of ICT in Pre-Service Teachers' Educational Courses , 2015 .

[29]  Martin Valcke,et al.  Challenging science teachers' beliefs and practices through a video-case-based intervention in China's primary schools , 2012 .

[30]  Karen Littleton,et al.  Understanding Computer-Related Attitudes through an Idiographic Analysis of Gender- And Self-Representations , 2004 .

[31]  Penni Tearle,et al.  The use of ICT in the teaching and learning of physical education in compulsory education: how do we prepare the workforce of the future? , 2008 .

[32]  Fethi A. Inan,et al.  Evidence of impact: Transforming teacher education with preparing tomorrow's teachers to teach with technology (PT3) grants , 2010 .

[33]  Ronny Scherer,et al.  Teachers' emphasis on developing students' digital information and communication skills (TEDDICS): A new construct in 21st century education , 2016, Comput. Educ..

[34]  Ping Liu Technology Integration in Elementary Classrooms: Teaching Practices of Student Teachers. , 2016 .

[35]  M. Volman,et al.  Gender Equity and Information Technology in Education: The Second Decade , 2001 .

[36]  D. Rubin,et al.  Testing the number of components in a normal mixture , 2001 .

[37]  Peter M. Bentler,et al.  Ensuring Positiveness of the Scaled Difference Chi-square Test Statistic , 2008, Psychometrika.

[38]  Kevin J. Graziano,et al.  Teacher Educator Technology Competencies. , 2017 .

[39]  Youngju Lee,et al.  Enhancing pre-service teachers' self-efficacy beliefs for technology integration through lesson planning practice , 2014, Comput. Educ..

[40]  Ronny Scherer,et al.  Revisiting teachers' computer self-efficacy: A differentiated view on gender differences , 2015, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[41]  Christopher Sink,et al.  Further evidence of gender differences in high school-level computer literacy , 2008 .

[42]  Johan van Braak,et al.  Student teachers' thinking processes and ICT integration: Predictors of prospective teaching behaviors with educational technology , 2010, Comput. Educ..

[43]  M. Volman,et al.  Teacher educators' competences in fostering student teachers’ proficiency in teaching and learning with technology: An overview of relevant research literature , 2018 .

[44]  J. Tondeur,et al.  Preparing beginning teachers for technology integration in education: ready for take-off? , 2017 .

[45]  Jianxia Du,et al.  Gender and attitudes toward technology use: A meta-analysis , 2017, Comput. Educ..

[46]  Matthew J. Koehler,et al.  What is Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK)? , 2013 .

[47]  Peggy A. Ertmer,et al.  7.2 Interpretation of Research on Technology Integration in Teacher Education in the USA: Preparation and Current Practices , 2015 .

[48]  M. Miller,et al.  Sample Size Requirements for Structural Equation Models , 2013, Educational and psychological measurement.

[49]  Randy T. Piper,et al.  A Technology Integration Education (TIE) Model for Millennial Preservice Teachers: Exploring the Canonical Correlation Relationships Among Attitudes, Subjective Norms, Perceived Behavioral Controls, Motivation, and Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge (TPACK) Competencies , 2016 .

[50]  Sarah Prestridge,et al.  The beliefs behind the teacher that influences their ICT practices , 2012, Comput. Educ..

[51]  Jennifer R. Banas,et al.  Authentic Learning Exercises as a Means to Influence Preservice Teachers' Technology Integration Self-Efficacy and Intentions to Integrate Technology. , 2014 .