The characterization and toxicity of sediment contaminated with road runoff

Abstract The extraction, fractionation and characterization of sediment contaminated with road runoff is described. Wet sediment was successfully extracted with dichloromethane and the extract was separated into three increasingly polar fractions using alumina-silica column chromatography. Each fraction was characterized by GC MS, GC/MS/i.r. and i.r. spectrophotometry. The first fraction (FA) contained aliphatic hydrocarbons, the second fraction (FB) contained 2–5-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the third fraction (FC) contained substituted phenols and 4- and 5-ring PAHs. The toxicity of each fraction to Photobacterium phosphoreum and Gammarus pulex was assessed. The FA fraction was the most toxic to P. phosphoreum and the FC fraction was the least toxic. In contrast the FB fraction was the most toxic to G. pulex and the other two fractions were not toxic at the concentrations tested.

[1]  P. Calow,et al.  The effects of motorway runoff on freshwater ecosystems. 2: Identifying major toxicants , 1995 .

[2]  R. Harrison,et al.  The chemical composition of highway drainage waters I. Major ions and selected trace metals , 1985 .

[3]  A. Bergman,et al.  Bioaccumulation of 4-nonylphenol in marine animals--a re-evaluation. , 1990, Environmental pollution.

[4]  Michele M. Miller,et al.  Relationships between octanol-water partition coefficient and aqueous solubility. , 1985, Environmental science & technology.

[5]  J. Quinn,et al.  Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in crankcase oil. , 1988, Environmental pollution.

[6]  K. Magnusson,et al.  Lethal and sublethal toxicity of 4-nonylphenol to the common mussel (Mytilus edulis L.). , 1989, Environmental pollution.

[7]  E. Andrulewicz,et al.  Hydrocarbons in water, sediment and mussels from the southern Baltic Sea , 1983 .

[8]  R. Foster,et al.  Use of fractionation procedures and extensive chemical analysis for toxicity identification of a chemical plant effluent , 1991 .

[9]  R. Baker.  Contaminants and sediments , 1980 .

[10]  J. Lewtas,et al.  Evaluation of techniques used in the preparation of diesel extract samples for mutagenicity studies , 1986 .

[11]  G. Ankley,et al.  An example of the identification of diazinon as a primary toxicant in an effluent , 1992 .

[12]  J. Quinn,et al.  Petroleum hydrocarbons in urban runoff from a commercial land use area , 1982 .

[13]  M. T. Bomboi,et al.  Hydrocarbons in urban runoff: Their contribution to the wastewaters , 1991 .

[14]  Joan Albaigés,et al.  Bioassay-Directed Chemical Analysis of Genotoxic Components in Coastal Sediments , 1992 .

[15]  G. Ankley,et al.  Application of toxicity identification evaluation procedures to the ambient waters of the colusa basin drain, California , 1991 .

[16]  Chronic Pollution of Intercity Motorway Runoff Waters , 1985 .

[17]  M. Stenstrom,et al.  Oil and Grease in Urban Stormwaters , 1984 .

[18]  M. Grottker.  Runoff quality from a street with medium traffic loading , 1988 .

[19]  L. Burkhard,et al.  Identification of surfactants as toxicants in a primary effluent , 1992 .

[20]  K. Kaiser,et al.  Photobacterium phosphoreum toxicity bioassay. II. Toxicity data compilation , 1988 .

[21]  R. Harrison,et al.  The chemical composition of highway drainage waters III. Runoff water metal speciation characteristics , 1985 .

[22]  K. P. Walker.  Urban runoff and combined sewer overflow , 1992 .

[23]  J. Giesy,et al.  Comparison of three sediment bioassay methods using detroit river sediments , 1988 .

[24]  Physical and chemical parameters of sediment extraction and fractionation that influence toxicity, as evaluated by microtox® , 1993 .

[25]  G. Stotz,et al.  Investigations of the properties of the surface water run-off from federal highways in the FRG , 1987 .

[26]  P. G. Wells,et al.  Acute lethal toxicity of hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons to two planktonic crustaceans: The key role of organism-water partitioning , 1986 .

[27]  G. A. Burton,et al.  Assessing the toxicity of freshwater sediments , 1991 .

[28]  D. Barceló,et al.  Selective enrichment procedures for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples by gel permeation chromatography. , 1988, Journal of chromatography.

[29]  Robert C. Brown,et al.  Hydrocarbon contamination in sediments from urban stormwater runoff , 1985 .

[30]  J. Hermens,et al.  Quantitative structure-activity relationships and mixture toxicity of organic chemicals in Photobacterium phosphoreum: the Microtox test. , 1985, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[31]  G. Ankley,et al.  Integrated assessment of contaminated sediments in the lower Fox River and Green Bay, Wisconsin. , 1992, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[32]  R. Wenning,et al.  Chemometric comparisons of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran residues in surficial sediments from Newark Bay, New Jersey and other industrialized waterways , 1992 .

[33]  R. Harrison,et al.  The chemical composition of highway drainage waters II. Chemical associations of metals in the suspended sediment , 1985 .

[34]  Peter Calow,et al.  The effects of motorway runoff on freshwater ecosystems: 1. Field study , 1995 .

[35]  M. Schubauer-Berigan,et al.  The contribution of ammonia, metals and nonpolar organic compounds to the toxicity of sediment interstitial water from an illinois river tributary , 1991 .

[36]  J. Bayona,et al.  Characterization of genotoxic components in sediments by mass spectrometric techniques combined withSalmonella/microsome test , 1990, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology.

[37]  J. Widdows,et al.  Quantitative structure-activity relationships for the effect of hydrophobic organic chemicals on rate of feeding by mussels (Mytilus edulis) , 1989 .