Protection system failure and power system blackout

Abstract Distance relay is designed with different overlapping zones to provide complete protection to the associated lines and other lines. From the three different operating zones, the third zone is the delayed operative zone as its operation is followed by the nonresponding operation of the other two zones. However, the operation of zone-3 is not so important but the false operation of the same is a leading factor behind the power system blackout. Maloperation of the zone-3 unit of distance relays during system stressed conditions such as voltage instability, power swing, and load encroachment results in such a disaster. Zone-3 unit of distance relay is heavily affected by such events due to the large reach area and longtime delay. During symmetrical fault in zone-3 section and system stressed events, the impedance trajectory enters into the setting characteristics. So, the relay is unable to make proper discrimination between the different balanced phenomena and operate. As system stressed events are nonfault events, the relay should remain silent. These unwanted consequences lead to cascaded events and further large-area power outage. So, to maintain security, selectivity, proper detection, and discrimination of symmetrical fault from the system stressed events are essential. In this chapter, a complete survey report behind zone-3 maloperation and power system blackout is provided. The main objectives of this chapter are to discuss the impact of uncertainty measures, root causes behind power system blackout, and what are the available solutions to mitigate this issue. The simulation work is conducted in the EMTDC/PSCAD platform to generate the voltage, current, active power, and reactive power signal during system stressed and fault conditions. The IEEE 39-bus test system is considered for the study and to verify the performances of conventional and available techniques.

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